switchde

Inference of switch-like differential expression along single-cell trajectories

Installation

switchde is available on both Bioconductor and Github.

Installation from Bioconductor

r if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly=TRUE)) install.packages("BiocManager") BiocManager::install("switchde")

Installation from Github using Devtools

```r

install.packages("devtools") # if devtools not already installed

devtools::install_github("kieranrcampbell/switchde") ```

Introduction

switchde is an R package for detecting switch-like differential expression along single-cell RNA-seq trajectories. It assumes genes follow a sigmoidal pattern of gene expression and tests for differential expression using a likelihood ratio test. It also returns maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) for the sigmoid parameters, which allows filtering of genes for up or down regulation as well as where along the trajectory the regulation occurs.

The parametric form of gene expression assumed is sigmoidal:

Governed by three parameters:

• mu_0 The half-peak expression
• k The 'activation strength'. If positive, the gene is upregulated along the trajectory; if negative, the gene is downregulated. The magnitude of k corresponds to how fast the gene is up or down regulated.
• t_0 The 'activation time', or where in the trajectory this behaviour occurs. Note this parameter should be interpreted with respect to the overall range of the pseudotimes supplied.

Usage

switchde accepts either an SingleCellExperiment from SingleCellExperiment or a matrix of gene expression measurents. These should ideally be in log(TPM + 1) form, but any logged non-negative expression measurements will work.

We begin with an SingleCellExperiment called sce, or equivalently a gene-by-cell expression matrix X = assay(sce, "exprs"). We also require a pseudotime vector pseudotime. Then call

r sde <- switchde(sce, pseudotime)

or equivalently

r sde <- switchde(X, pseudotime)

This outputs a data.frame with six columns:

```r sde

Source: local data frame [5,000 x 6]

gene pval qval mu0 k t0

1 ENSG00000225976.4 1.393383e-22 1.024546e-20 104.86694912 -0.061517122 -68.87160

2 ENSG00000126522.12 2.185632e-01 6.067830e-01 1.22577161 -0.018819499 45.04442

3 ENSG00000239917.3 9.300623e-01 1.000000e+00 0.07908401 0.013177035 45.04440

4 ENSG00000151413.12 8.434079e-01 1.000000e+00 1.54634312 -0.005008349 45.04431

5 ENSG00000163814.3 6.217089e-02 2.634360e-01 0.18162897 -0.151326785 47.80757

6 ENSG00000197472.10 5.324570e-05 6.969332e-04 0.46516141 -45.928518652 23.94368

7 ENSG00000224908.1 1.309708e-01 4.336783e-01 0.02591063 137.415319733 60.60278

8 ENSG00000086717.13 8.203174e-02 3.190731e-01 0.04509236 256.638830394 49.59851

9 ENSG00000215183.4 2.127059e-01 5.991007e-01 0.02842577 -0.900165012 46.86811

10 ENSG00000127884.4 7.516905e-01 1.000000e+00 5.62698376 0.001580912 45.04440

.. ... ... ... ... ... ...

```

with columns:

• gene The gene name, taken from either featureNames(sce) or rowNames(X)
• pval The p-value associated with differential expression
• qval The Benjamini-Hochberg corrected q-value associated with differential expression
• mu0 The MLE estimate of mu_0
• k The MLE estimate of k
• t0 The MLE estimate of t_0

We can also extract the parameters and plot the results:

```r gene <- sde$gene[1] pars <- extract_pars(sde, gene) print(pars)

mu0 k t0

104.86694912 -0.06151712 -68.87160316

switchplot(exprs(sce)[gene, ], pseudotime, pars) ```

Authors

Kieran Campbell & Christopher Yau

Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford