PyOBO

Tools for biological identifiers, names, synonyms, xrefs, hierarchies, relations, and properties through the perspective of OBO.

Example Usage

Note! PyOBO is no-nonsense. This means that there's no repetitive prefixes in identifiers. It also means all identifiers are strings, no exceptions.

Note! The first time you run these, they have to download and cache all resources. We're not in the business of redistributing data, so all scripts should be completely reproducible.

Mapping Identifiers and CURIEs

Get mapping of ChEBI identifiers to names:

```python import pyobo

chebiidtoname = pyobo.getidnamemapping("chebi") assert "fluazifop-P-butyl" == chebiidto_name["132964"]

or more directly

assert "fluazifop-P-butyl" == pyobo.get_name("chebi", "132964") ```

Get reverse mapping of ChEBI names to identifiers:

```python import pyobo

chebinametoid = pyobo.getnameidmapping("chebi") assert "132964" == chebinameto_id["fluazifop-P-butyl"] ```

Maybe you live in CURIE world and just want to normalize something like CHEBI:132964:

```python import pyobo

assert "fluazifop-P-butyl" == pyobo.getnameby_curie("CHEBI:132964") ```

Sometimes you accidentally got an old CURIE. It can be mapped to the more recent one using alternative identifiers listed in the underlying OBO with:

```python import pyobo from pyobo import Reference

Look up DNA-binding transcription factor activity (go:0003700)

based on an old id

primarycurie = pyobo.getprimarycurie("go:0001071") assert primarycurie == "go:0003700"

If it's already the primary, it just gets returned

assert Reference.fromcurie("go:0003700") == pyobo.getprimary_curie("go:0003700") ```

Mapping Species

Some resources have species information for their term. Get a mapping of WikiPathway identifiers to species (as NCBI taxonomy identifiers):

```python import pyobo

wikipathwaysidtospecies = pyobo.getidspeciesmapping("wikipathways")

Apoptosis (Homo sapiens)

assert "9606" == wikipathwaysidto_species["WP254"] ```

Or, you don't have time for two lines:

```python import pyobo

Apoptosis (Homo sapiens)

taxonomyid = pyobo.getspecies("wikipathways", "WP254") assert taxonomy_id == "9606" ```

Grounding

Maybe you've got names/synonyms you want to try and map back to ChEBI synonyms. Given the brand name Fusilade II of CHEBI:132964, it should be able to look it up and its preferred label.

```python import pyobo

reference = pyobo.ground("chebi", "Fusilade II") assert reference.prefix == "chebi" assert reference.identifier == "132964" assert reference.name == "fluazifop-P-butyl"

When failure happens...

reference = pyobo.ground("chebi", "Definitely not a real name") assert reference is None ```

If you're not really sure which namespace a name might belong to, you can try a few in a row (prioritize by ones that cover the appropriate entity type to avoid false positives in case of conflicts):

```python import pyobo

looking for phenotypes/pathways

reference = pyobo.ground(["efo", "go"], "ERAD") assert reference.prefix == "go" assert reference.identifier == "0030433" assert reference.name == "ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway" ```

Cross-referencing

Get xrefs from ChEBI to PubChem:

```python import pyobo

chebiidtopubchemcompoundid = pyobo.getfiltered_xrefs("chebi", "pubchem.compound")

pubchemcompoundid = chebiidtopubchemcompoundid["132964"] assert pubchemcompound_id == "3033674" ```

If you don't have time for two lines:

```python import pyobo

pubchemcompoundid = pyobo.getxref("chebi", "132964", "pubchem.compound") assert pubchemcompound_id == "3033674" ```

Get xrefs from Entrez to HGNC, but they're only available through HGNC, so you need to flip them:

```python import pyobo

hgncidtoncbigeneid = pyobo.getfilteredxrefs("hgnc", "ncbigene") ncbigeneidtohgncid = { ncbigeneid: hgncid for hgncid, ncbigeneid in hgncidtoncbigeneid.items() } mapthgnc = ncbigeneidtohgncid["4137"] assert mapthgnc == "6893" ```

Since this is a common pattern, there's a keyword argument flip that does this for you:

```python import pyobo

ncbigeneidtohgncid = pyobo.getfilteredxrefs("hgnc", "ncbigene", flip=True) mapthgncid = ncbigeneidtohgncid["4137"] assert mapthgncid == "6893" ```

If you don't have time for two lines (I admit this one is a bit confusing) and need to flip it:

```python import pyobo

hgncid = pyobo.getxref("hgnc", "4137", "ncbigene", flip=True) assert hgnc_id == "6893" ```

Properties

Get properties, like SMILES. The semantics of these are defined on an OBO-OBO basis.

```python import pyobo

I don't make the rules. I wouldn't have chosen this as the key for this property. It could be any string

chebismilesproperty = "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/chebi/smiles" chebiidtosmiles = pyobo.getfilteredpropertiesmapping("chebi", chebismilesproperty)

smiles = chebiidto_smiles["132964"] assert smiles == "C1(=CC=C(N=C1)OC2=CC=C(C=C2)OC@@HC)C(F)(F)F" ```

If you don't have time for two lines:

```python import pyobo

smiles = pyobo.get_property("chebi", "132964", "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/chebi/smiles") assert smiles == "C1(=CC=C(N=C1)OC2=CC=C(C=C2)OC@@HC)C(F)(F)F" ```

Hierarchy

Check if an entity is in the hierarchy:

```python import pyobo from pyobo import Reference

check that go:0008219 ! cell death is an ancestor of go:0006915 ! apoptotic process

assert Reference.fromcurie("go:0008219") in pyobo.getancestors("go", "0006915")

check that go:0070246 ! natural killer cell apoptotic process is a

descendant of go:0006915 ! apoptotic process

apopototicprocessdescendants = pyobo.getdescendants("go", "0006915") assert Reference.fromcurie("go:0070246") in apopototicprocessdescendants ```

Get the sub-hierarchy below a given node:

```python import pyobo from pyobo import Reference

get the descendant graph of go:0006915 ! apoptotic process

apopototicprocesssubhierarchy = pyobo.get_subhierarchy("go", "0006915")

check that go:0070246 ! natural killer cell apoptotic process is a

descendant of go:0006915 ! apoptotic process through the subhierarchy

assert Reference.fromcurie("go:0070246") in apopototicprocess_subhierarchy ```

Get a hierarchy with properties preloaded in the node data dictionaries:

```python import pyobo from pyobo import Reference

prop = "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/chebi/smiles" chebihierarchy = pyobo.gethierarchy("chebi", properties=[prop])

assert Reference.fromcurie("chebi:132964") in chebihierarchy assert prop in chebihierarchy.nodes["chebi:132964"] assert chebihierarchy.nodes["chebi:132964"][prop] == "C1(=CC=C(N=C1)OC2=CC=C(C=C2)OC@@HC)C(F)(F)F" ```

Relations

Get all orthologies (ro:HOM0000017) between HGNC and MGI (note: this is one way)

```python

import pyobo humanmapthgncid = "6893" mousemaptmgiid = "97180" hgncmgiorthologymapping = pyobo.getrelationmapping("hgnc", "ro:HOM0000017", "mgi") assert mousemaptmgiid == hgncmgiorthologymapping[humanmapthgncid] ```

If you want to do it in one line, use:

```python

import pyobo humanmapthgncid = "6893" mousemaptmgiid = "97180" assert mousemaptmgiid == pyobo.getrelation("hgnc", "ro:HOM0000017", "mgi", humanmapthgnc_id) ```

Writings Tests that Use PyOBO

If you're writing your own code that relies on PyOBO, and unit testing it (as you should) in a continuous integration setting, you've probably realized that loading all the resources on each build is not so fast. In those scenarios, you can use some of the pre-build patches like in the following:

```python import unittest import pyobo from pyobo.mocks import getmockidnamemapping

mockidnamemapping = getmockidname_mapping({ "chebi": { "132964": "fluazifop-P-butyl", }, })

class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def mytest(self): with mockidnamemapping: # use functions directly, or use your functions that wrap them pyobo.get_name("chebi", "1234") ```

Troubleshooting

The OBO Foundry seems to be pretty unstable with respect to the URLs to OBO resources. If you get an error like:

pyobo.getters.MissingOboBuild: OBO Foundry is missing a build for: mondo

Then you should check the corresponding page on the OBO Foundry (in this case, http://www.obofoundry.org/ontology/mondo.html) and make update to the url entry for that namespace in the Bioregistry.

🚀 Installation

The most recent release can be installed from PyPI with uv:

console $ uv pip install pyobo

or with pip:

console $ python3 -m pip install pyobo

The most recent code and data can be installed directly from GitHub with uv:

console $ uv pip install git+https://github.com/biopragmatics/pyobo.git

or with pip:

console $ python3 -m pip install git+https://github.com/biopragmatics/pyobo.git

👐 Contributing

Contributions, whether filing an issue, making a pull request, or forking, are appreciated. See CONTRIBUTING.md for more information on getting involved.

👋 Attribution

⚖️ License

The code in this package is licensed under the MIT License.

🍪 Cookiecutter

This package was created with @audreyfeldroy's cookiecutter package using @cthoyt's cookiecutter-snekpack template.

🛠️ For Developers

See developer instructions

The final section of the README is for if you want to get involved by making a code contribution. ### Development Installation To install in development mode, use the following: ```console $ git clone git+https://github.com/biopragmatics/pyobo.git $ cd pyobo $ uv pip install -e . ``` Alternatively, install using pip: ```console $ python3 -m pip install -e . ``` ### Updating Package Boilerplate This project uses `cruft` to keep boilerplate (i.e., configuration, contribution guidelines, documentation configuration) up-to-date with the upstream cookiecutter package. Install cruft with either `uv tool install cruft` or `python3 -m pip install cruft` then run: ```console $ cruft update ``` More info on Cruft's update command is available [here](https://github.com/cruft/cruft?tab=readme-ov-file#updating-a-project). ### 🥼 Testing After cloning the repository and installing `tox` with `uv tool install tox --with tox-uv` or `python3 -m pip install tox tox-uv`, the unit tests in the `tests/` folder can be run reproducibly with: ```console $ tox -e py ``` Additionally, these tests are automatically re-run with each commit in a [GitHub Action](https://github.com/biopragmatics/pyobo/actions?query=workflow%3ATests). ### 📖 Building the Documentation The documentation can be built locally using the following: ```console $ git clone git+https://github.com/biopragmatics/pyobo.git $ cd pyobo $ tox -e docs $ open docs/build/html/index.html ``` The documentation automatically installs the package as well as the `docs` extra specified in the [`pyproject.toml`](pyproject.toml). `sphinx` plugins like `texext` can be added there. Additionally, they need to be added to the `extensions` list in [`docs/source/conf.py`](docs/source/conf.py). The documentation can be deployed to [ReadTheDocs](https://readthedocs.io) using [this guide](https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/intro/import-guide.html). The [`.readthedocs.yml`](.readthedocs.yml) YAML file contains all the configuration you'll need. You can also set up continuous integration on GitHub to check not only that Sphinx can build the documentation in an isolated environment (i.e., with `tox -e docs-test`) but also that [ReadTheDocs can build it too](https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/pull-requests.html). #### Configuring ReadTheDocs 1. Log in to ReadTheDocs with your GitHub account to install the integration at https://readthedocs.org/accounts/login/?next=/dashboard/ 2. Import your project by navigating to https://readthedocs.org/dashboard/import then clicking the plus icon next to your repository 3. You can rename the repository on the next screen using a more stylized name (i.e., with spaces and capital letters) 4. Click next, and you're good to go! ### 📦 Making a Release #### Configuring Zenodo [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org) is a long-term archival system that assigns a DOI to each release of your package. 1. Log in to Zenodo via GitHub with this link: https://zenodo.org/oauth/login/github/?next=%2F. This brings you to a page that lists all of your organizations and asks you to approve installing the Zenodo app on GitHub. Click "grant" next to any organizations you want to enable the integration for, then click the big green "approve" button. This step only needs to be done once. 2. Navigate to https://zenodo.org/account/settings/github/, which lists all of your GitHub repositories (both in your username and any organizations you enabled). Click the on/off toggle for any relevant repositories. When you make a new repository, you'll have to come back to this After these steps, you're ready to go! After you make "release" on GitHub (steps for this are below), you can navigate to https://zenodo.org/account/settings/github/repository/biopragmatics/pyobo to see the DOI for the release and link to the Zenodo record for it. #### Registering with the Python Package Index (PyPI) You only have to do the following steps once. 1. Register for an account on the [Python Package Index (PyPI)](https://pypi.org/account/register) 2. Navigate to https://pypi.org/manage/account and make sure you have verified your email address. A verification email might not have been sent by default, so you might have to click the "options" dropdown next to your address to get to the "re-send verification email" button 3. 2-Factor authentication is required for PyPI since the end of 2023 (see this [blog post from PyPI](https://blog.pypi.org/posts/2023-05-25-securing-pypi-with-2fa/)). This means you have to first issue account recovery codes, then set up 2-factor authentication 4. Issue an API token from https://pypi.org/manage/account/token #### Configuring your machine's connection to PyPI You have to do the following steps once per machine. ```console $ uv tool install keyring $ keyring set https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/ __token__ $ keyring set https://test.pypi.org/legacy/ __token__ ``` Note that this deprecates previous workflows using `.pypirc`. #### Uploading to PyPI After installing the package in development mode and installing `tox` with `uv tool install tox --with tox-uv` or `python3 -m pip install tox tox-uv`, run the following from the console: ```console $ tox -e finish ``` This script does the following: 1. Uses [bump-my-version](https://github.com/callowayproject/bump-my-version) to switch the version number in the `pyproject.toml`, `CITATION.cff`, `src/pyobo/version.py`, and [`docs/source/conf.py`](docs/source/conf.py) to not have the `-dev` suffix 2. Packages the code in both a tar archive and a wheel using [`uv build`](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/guides/publish/#building-your-package) 3. Uploads to PyPI using [`uv publish`](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/guides/publish/#publishing-your-package). 4. Push to GitHub. You'll need to make a release going with the commit where the version was bumped. 5. Bump the version to the next patch. If you made big changes and want to bump the version by minor, you can use `tox -e bumpversion -- minor` after. #### Releasing on GitHub 1. Navigate to https://github.com/biopragmatics/pyobo/releases/new to draft a new release 2. Click the "Choose a Tag" dropdown and select the tag corresponding to the release you just made 3. Click the "Generate Release Notes" button to get a quick outline of recent changes. Modify the title and description as you see fit 4. Click the big green "Publish Release" button This will trigger Zenodo to assign a DOI to your release as well.