normflow

This package provides utilities for implementing the method of normalizing flows as a generative model for lattice field theory.

The method of normalizing flows is a powerful generative modeling approach that learns complex probability distributions by transforming samples from a simple distribution through a series of invertible transformations. It has found applications in various domains, including generative image modeling.

The package currently supports scalar theories in any dimension, and we are actively extending it to accommodate gauge theories, broadening its applicability.

In a nutshell, three essential components are required for the method of normalizing flows:

• A prior distribution to draw initial samples.
• A neural network to perform a series of invertible transformations on the samples.
• An action that specifies the target distribution, defining the goal of the generative model.

The central high-level class of the package is called Model, which can be instantiated by providing instances of the three objects mentioned above: the prior, the neural network, and the action.

Following the terminology used by scikit-learn, each instance of Model comes with a fit method, responsible for training the model. For those who prefer an alternative to the scikit-learn terminology, an alias called train is also available and functions identically. The training process involves optimizing the parameters of the neural network to accurately map the prior distribution to the target distribution.

Below is a simple example of a scalar theory in zero dimension, i.e., a scenario with one point and one degree of freedom:

```python from normflow import Model from normflow.action import ScalarPhi4Action from normflow.prior import NormalPrior from normflow.nn import DistConvertor_

def make_model(): # Define the prior distribution prior = NormalPrior(shape=(1,))

# Define the action for a scalar \phi^4 theory
action = ScalarPhi4Action(kappa=0, m_sq=-2.0, lambd=0.2)

# Initialize the neural network for transformations
net_ = DistConvertor_(knots_len=10, symmetric=True)

# Create the Model with the defined components
model = Model(net_=net_, prior=prior, action=action)

return model

Instantiate and train the model

model = makemodel() model.fit(nepochs=1000, batchsize=1024, checkpointdict=dict(print_stride=100)) ```

In this example, we have:

• Prior Distribution: A normal distribution is used with a shape of (1,); one could also set shape=1.

• Action: A quartic scalar theory is defined with parameters kappa=0, m_sq=-2.0, and lambda=0.2.

• Neural Network: The DistConvertor_ class is used to create the transformation network, with knots_len=10 and symmetry enabled. Any instance of this class converts the probability distribution of inputs using a rational quadratic spline. In this example, the spline has 10 knots, and the distribution is assumed to be symmetric with respect to the origin.

• Training: The model is trained for 1000 epochs with a batch size of 1024. Progress is printed every 100 epochs.

This example demonstrates the flexibility of using the package to implement scalar field theories in a simplified zero-dimensional setting. It can be generalized to any dimension by changing the shape provided to the prior distribution.

The above code block results in an output similar to:

>>> Checking the current status of the model <<<
Epoch: 0 | loss: -1.8096 | ess: 0.4552 | log(p): 0.4(11)
>>> Training started for 1000 epochs <<<
Epoch: 100 | loss: -2.0154 | ess: 0.6008 | log(p): 0.52(57)
Epoch: 200 | loss: -2.1092 | ess: 0.7381 | log(p): 0.60(56)
Epoch: 300 | loss: -2.1612 | ess: 0.8195 | log(p): 0.57(87)
Epoch: 400 | loss: -2.2091 | ess: 0.8783 | log(p): 0.63(83)
Epoch: 500 | loss: -2.2459 | ess: 0.9262 | log(p): 0.71(58)
Epoch: 600 | loss: -2.2670 | ess: 0.9459 | log(p): 0.73(56)
Epoch: 700 | loss: -2.2684 | ess: 0.9585 | log(p): 0.74(53)
Epoch: 800 | loss: -2.2667 | ess: 0.9684 | log(p): 0.74(51)
Epoch: 900 | loss: -2.2724 | ess: 0.9789 | log(p): 0.76(54)
Epoch: 1000 | loss: -2.2673 | ess: 0.9791 | log(p): 0.75(62)
>>> Training finished (cpu); TIME = 4.36 sec <<<

This output indicates the loss values at specified epochs during the training process, providing insight into the model's performance over time.

After training the model, one can draw samples using an attribute called posterior. To draw n samples from the trained distribution, use the following command:

python x = model.posterior.sample(n)

Note that the trained distribution is almost never identical to the target distribution, which is specified by the action. To generate samples that are correctly drawn from the target distribution, similar to Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations, one can employ a Metropolis accept/reject step and discard some of the initial samples. To this end, you can use the following command:

python x = model.mcmc.sample(n)

This command draws n samples from the trained distribution and applies a Metropolis accept/reject step to ensure that the samples are correctly drawn.

Block diagram for the method of normalizing flows

The TRAIN and GENERATE blocks in the above figure depict the procedures for training the model and generating samples/configurations. For more information see arXiv:2301.01504.

Moreover, the model has an attribute called device_handler, which can be used to specify the number of GPUs used for training (the default value is one if any GPU is available). To this end, you can use the following approach:

```python def fitfunc(model): model.fit(nepochs=1000, batch_size=1024)

model.devicehandler.spawnprocesses(fitfunc, nranks) ```

In this code, nranks specifies the number of GPUs to be used for training. You can efficiently scale your model training across multiple GPUs, enhancing performance and reducing training time. This flexibility allows you to tackle larger datasets and more complex models with ease.

In summary, this package provides a robust and flexible framework for implementing the method of normalizing flows as a generative model for lattice field theory. With its intuitive design and support for scalar theories, you can easily adapt it to various dimensions and leverage GPU acceleration for efficient training. We encourage you to explore the features and capabilities of the package, and we welcome contributions and feedback to help us improve and expand its functionality.

| Created by Javad Komijani in 2021 \ | Copyright (C) 2021-24, Javad Komijani