Hypothesis
Hypothesis: A new approach to property-based testing - Published in JOSS (2019)
Science Score: 100.0%
This score indicates how likely this project is to be science-related based on various indicators:
-
✓CITATION.cff file
Found CITATION.cff file -
✓codemeta.json file
Found codemeta.json file -
✓.zenodo.json file
Found .zenodo.json file -
✓DOI references
Found 1 DOI reference(s) in JOSS metadata -
○Academic publication links
-
✓Committers with academic emails
17 of 348 committers (4.9%) from academic institutions -
○Institutional organization owner
-
✓JOSS paper metadata
Published in Journal of Open Source Software
Keywords
Keywords from Contributors
Scientific Fields
Repository
The property-based testing library for Python
Basic Info
- Host: GitHub
- Owner: HypothesisWorks
- License: other
- Language: Python
- Default Branch: master
- Homepage: https://hypothesis.works
- Size: 40.1 MB
Statistics
- Stars: 8,041
- Watchers: 70
- Forks: 620
- Open Issues: 79
- Releases: 866
Topics
Metadata Files
README.md
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is the property-based testing library for Python. With Hypothesis, you write tests which should pass for all inputs in whatever range you describe, and let Hypothesis randomly choose which of those inputs to check - including edge cases you might not have thought about. For example:
```python from hypothesis import given, strategies as st
@given(st.lists(st.integers())) def testmatchesbuiltin(ls): assert sorted(ls) == my_sort(ls) ```
This randomized testing can catch bugs and edge cases that you didn't think of and wouldn't have found. In addition, when Hypothesis does find a bug, it doesn't just report any failing example — it reports the simplest possible one. This makes property-based tests a powerful tool for debugging, as well as testing.
For instance,
python
def my_sort(ls):
return sorted(set(ls))
fails with the simplest possible failing example:
Falsifying example: test_matches_builtin(ls=[0, 0])
Installation
To install Hypothesis:
pip install hypothesis
There are also optional extras available.
Owner
- Name: Hypothesis
- Login: HypothesisWorks
- Kind: organization
- Email: hello@hypothesis.works
- Website: http://hypothesis.works
- Repositories: 6
- Profile: https://github.com/HypothesisWorks
Hypothesis: Test faster, fix more
JOSS Publication
Hypothesis: A new approach to property-based testing
Authors
Various
Tags
testing test-case reduction test-case generation property-based testingCitation (CITATION.cff)
cff-version: 1.2.0
message: |
If you use Hypothesis as part of a published research project,
please cite our paper in the Journal of Open Source Software:
Text:
MacIver et al., (2019). Hypothesis: A new approach to property-based testing.
Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), 1891, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01891
BibTeX:
@article{MacIver2019Hypothesis,
journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
doi = {10.21105/joss.01891},
issn = {2475-9066},
number = {43},
publisher = {The Open Journal},
title = {Hypothesis: A new approach to property-based testing},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.01891},
volume = {4},
author = {MacIver, David and Hatfield-Dodds, Zac and Contributors, Many},
pages = {1891},
date = {2019-11-21},
year = {2019},
month = {11},
day = {21},
}
To reference a particular version of Hypothesis as a software artifact,
you can use the version-specific DOIs we create for each release under
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1412597
preferred-citation:
title: 'Hypothesis: A new approach to property-based testing'
date-released: 2019-11-21
type: article
doi: 10.21105/joss.01891
authors:
- family-names: MacIver
given-names: David R.
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-3223
affiliation: Imperial College London
- family-names: Hatfield-Dodds
given-names: Zac
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-8362
affiliation: Australian National University
- name: "many other contributors"
# Citation metadata for the software itself, as required by the CFF spec
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1412597 # Version-independent DOI for the software archive
title: 'Hypothesis: Property-Based Testing for Python'
repository-code: https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis
license: MPL-2.0
authors:
- family-names: MacIver
given-names: David R.
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-3223
affiliation: Imperial College London
- family-names: Hatfield-Dodds
given-names: Zac
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-8362
affiliation: Australian National University
- name: "many other contributors"
GitHub Events
Total
- Create event: 196
- Release event: 163
- Issues event: 170
- Watch event: 496
- Delete event: 32
- Issue comment event: 629
- Push event: 493
- Pull request review comment event: 754
- Pull request review event: 790
- Pull request event: 495
- Fork event: 39
Last Year
- Create event: 196
- Release event: 163
- Issues event: 170
- Watch event: 496
- Delete event: 32
- Issue comment event: 629
- Push event: 493
- Pull request review comment event: 754
- Pull request review event: 790
- Pull request event: 495
- Fork event: 39
Committers
Last synced: 8 months ago
Top Committers
| Name | Commits | |
|---|---|---|
| David R. MacIver | d****d@d****m | 6,578 |
| Zac-HD | z****s@g****m | 2,261 |
| Liam DeVoe | o****e@g****m | 1,111 |
| pyup-bot | g****t@p****o | 411 |
| Joachim B Haga | j****h@s****o | 277 |
| Alex Chan | a****x@a****t | 241 |
| Matthew Barber | q****t@g****m | 238 |
| Ryan Soklaski | r****9@m****u | 158 |
| Stuart Cook | Z****r | 157 |
| Travis CI User | t****s@e****g | 154 |
| sobolevn | m****l@s****e | 124 |
| Cheukting | c****o@g****m | 106 |
| Alex Weisberger | a****r@g****m | 58 |
| David Chudzicki | d****z@g****m | 52 |
| Agustín Covarrubias | a****a@u****l | 48 |
| Reagan Lee | 9****e | 46 |
| jwg4 | j****4 | 45 |
| J.J. Green | j****n@g****k | 41 |
| Alex Willmer | a****x@m****k | 40 |
| Justus Magin | k****s@p****e | 36 |
| Jonathan Plasse | 1****e | 35 |
| Phillip Schanely | p****y@g****m | 30 |
| Moinul Hossain | m****e@g****m | 29 |
| Reeve | r****l@a****m | 28 |
| Felix Divo | 4****o | 28 |
| tyler nickerson | t****n@g****m | 27 |
| Dmitry Dygalo | d****o@g****m | 25 |
| Nicolas Ganz | g****n@z****h | 21 |
| Grigorios Giannakopoulos | g****n@g****m | 21 |
| mulhern | a****n@r****m | 20 |
| and 318 more... | ||
Committer Domains (Top 20 + Academic)
Issues and Pull Requests
Last synced: 4 months ago
All Time
- Total issues: 383
- Total pull requests: 1,011
- Average time to close issues: 5 months
- Average time to close pull requests: 6 days
- Total issue authors: 191
- Total pull request authors: 81
- Average comments per issue: 2.52
- Average comments per pull request: 1.83
- Merged pull requests: 784
- Bot issues: 0
- Bot pull requests: 0
Past Year
- Issues: 122
- Pull requests: 523
- Average time to close issues: 11 days
- Average time to close pull requests: 4 days
- Issue authors: 69
- Pull request authors: 32
- Average comments per issue: 1.45
- Average comments per pull request: 1.21
- Merged pull requests: 415
- Bot issues: 0
- Bot pull requests: 0
Top Authors
Issue Authors
- Zac-HD (72)
- tybug (26)
- DRMacIver (13)
- jobh (12)
- mgorny (7)
- sobolevn (7)
- jakkdl (6)
- mtelka (5)
- honno (5)
- Stranger6667 (4)
- zhoucheng361 (4)
- eivindjahren (4)
- rsokl (4)
- ngoldbaum (3)
- gshiba (3)
Pull Request Authors
- tybug (431)
- Zac-HD (272)
- jobh (68)
- DRMacIver (34)
- reaganjlee (19)
- honno (14)
- JonathanPlasse (14)
- sobolevn (12)
- jams2 (6)
- pschanely (6)
- Viicos (6)
- cclauss (5)
- felixdivo (4)
- Liam-DeVoe (4)
- the-13th-letter (4)
Top Labels
Issue Labels
Pull Request Labels
Packages
- Total packages: 6
-
Total downloads:
- rubygems 41,311 total
- pypi 12,165,311 last-month
- cargo 13,774 total
- Total docker downloads: 19,768,038
-
Total dependent packages: 828
(may contain duplicates) -
Total dependent repositories: 7,935
(may contain duplicates) - Total versions: 1,623
- Total maintainers: 6
pypi.org: hypothesis
A library for property-based testing
- Homepage: https://hypothesis.works
- Documentation: https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io
- License: MPL-2.0
-
Latest release: 6.123.17
published 12 months ago
Rankings
proxy.golang.org: github.com/HypothesisWorks/Hypothesis
- Documentation: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/HypothesisWorks/Hypothesis#section-documentation
- License: other
-
Latest release: v1.13.0
published about 10 years ago
Rankings
proxy.golang.org: github.com/hypothesisworks/hypothesis
- Documentation: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hypothesisworks/hypothesis#section-documentation
- License: other
-
Latest release: v1.13.0
published about 10 years ago
Rankings
rubygems.org: hypothesis-specs
Hypothesis is a powerful, flexible, and easy to use library for property-based testing.
- Homepage: https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis/tree/master/hypothesis-ruby
- Documentation: http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/hypothesis-specs/
- License: MPL-2.0
-
Latest release: 0.7.1
published almost 5 years ago
Rankings
anaconda.org: hypothesis
Hypothesis is an advanced testing library for Python. It lets you write tests which are parametrized by a source of examples, and then generates simple and comprehensible examples that make your tests fail. This lets you find more bugs in your code with less work.
- Homepage: https://hypothesis.works
- License: MPL-2.0
-
Latest release: 6.138.2
published 4 months ago
Rankings
crates.io: conjecture
Core engine for Hypothesis implementations
- Homepage: https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis/tree/master/conjecture-rust
- Documentation: https://docs.rs/conjecture/
- License: MPL-2.0
-
Latest release: 0.7.0
published almost 5 years ago
Rankings
Dependencies
- tempfile 3 development
- byteorder 1.2
- crypto-hash 0.3.1
- rand 0.3
- hypothesis *
- attrs >=19.2.0
- exceptiongroup >=1.0.0rc8
- sortedcontainers >=2.1.0,<3.0.0
- backports.zoneinfo *
- black *
- click *
- coverage *
- dpcontracts *
- fakeredis *
- lark-parser *
- libcst *
- numpy *
- pandas *
- python-dateutil *
- pytz *
- typing-extensions *
- async-timeout ==4.0.2
- attrs ==22.1.0
- backports-zoneinfo ==0.2.1
- black ==22.6.0
- click ==8.1.3
- coverage ==6.4.2
- deprecated ==1.2.13
- dpcontracts ==0.6.0
- exceptiongroup ==1.0.0rc8
- execnet ==1.9.0
- fakeredis ==1.8.2
- iniconfig ==1.1.1
- lark-parser ==0.12.0
- libcst ==0.4.7
- mypy-extensions ==0.4.3
- numpy ==1.23.1
- packaging ==21.3
- pandas ==1.4.3
- pathspec ==0.9.0
- pexpect ==4.8.0
- platformdirs ==2.5.2
- pluggy ==1.0.0
- ptyprocess ==0.7.0
- py ==1.11.0
- pyparsing ==3.0.9
- pytest ==7.1.2
- pytest-forked ==1.4.0
- pytest-xdist ==2.5.0
- python-dateutil ==2.8.2
- pytz ==2022.1
- pyyaml ==6.0
- redis ==4.3.4
- six ==1.16.0
- sortedcontainers ==2.4.0
- tomli ==2.0.1
- typing-extensions ==4.3.0
- typing-inspect ==0.7.1
- wrapt ==1.14.1
- pexpect * test
- pytest * test
- pytest-xdist * test
- attrs ==22.1.0 test
- exceptiongroup ==1.0.0rc8 test
- execnet ==1.9.0 test
- iniconfig ==1.1.1 test
- packaging ==21.3 test
- pexpect ==4.8.0 test
- pluggy ==1.0.0 test
- ptyprocess ==0.7.0 test
- py ==1.11.0 test
- pyparsing ==3.0.9 test
- pytest ==7.1.2 test
- pytest-forked ==1.4.0 test
- pytest-xdist ==2.5.0 test
- sortedcontainers ==2.4.0 test
- tomli ==2.0.1 test
- codespell *
- coverage *
- django *
- dpcontracts *
- flake8 *
- flake8-2020 *
- flake8-bandit *
- flake8-bugbear *
- flake8-builtins *
- flake8-comprehensions *
- flake8-datetimez *
- flake8-docstrings *
- flake8-mutable *
- flake8-noqa *
- flake8-pie *
- flake8-pytest-style *
- flake8-return *
- flake8-simplify *
- flake8-strftime *
- ipython *
- lark-parser *
- libcst *
- mypy *
- pip-tools *
- pyright *
- pytest *
- python-dateutil *
- requests *
- restructuredtext-lint *
- shed *
- sphinx *
- sphinx-codeautolink *
- sphinx-hoverxref *
- sphinx-rtd-theme *
- sphinx-selective-exclude *
- toml *
- tox *
- twine *
- types-click *
- types-pkg_resources *
- types-pytz *
- types-redis *
- typing-extensions *
- alabaster ==0.7.12
- asgiref ==3.5.2
- astor ==0.8.1
- asttokens ==2.0.5
- attrs ==22.1.0
- autoflake ==1.4
- babel ==2.10.3
- backcall ==0.2.0
- backports-zoneinfo ==0.2.1
- bandit ==1.7.4
- beautifulsoup4 ==4.11.1
- black ==22.6.0
- bleach ==5.0.1
- build ==0.8.0
- certifi ==2022.6.15
- cffi ==1.15.1
- charset-normalizer ==2.1.0
- click ==8.1.3
- codespell ==2.1.0
- com2ann ==0.3.0
- commonmark ==0.9.1
- coverage ==6.4.2
- cryptography ==37.0.4
- decorator ==5.1.1
- distlib ==0.3.5
- django ==4.0.6
- docutils ==0.17.1
- dpcontracts ==0.6.0
- exceptiongroup ==1.0.0rc8
- executing ==0.9.1
- filelock ==3.7.1
- flake8 ==4.0.1
- flake8-2020 ==1.6.1
- flake8-bandit ==3.0.0
- flake8-bugbear ==22.7.1
- flake8-builtins ==1.5.3
- flake8-comprehensions ==3.10.0
- flake8-datetimez ==20.10.0
- flake8-docstrings ==1.6.0
- flake8-helper ==0.2.1
- flake8-mutable ==1.2.0
- flake8-noqa ==1.2.7
- flake8-pie ==0.15.0
- flake8-plugin-utils ==1.3.2
- flake8-polyfill ==1.0.2
- flake8-pytest-style ==1.6.0
- flake8-return ==1.1.3
- flake8-simplify ==0.19.3
- flake8-strftime ==0.3.2
- gitdb ==4.0.9
- gitpython ==3.1.27
- idna ==3.3
- imagesize ==1.4.1
- importlib-metadata ==4.12.0
- iniconfig ==1.1.1
- ipython ==8.4.0
- isort ==5.10.1
- jedi ==0.18.1
- jeepney ==0.8.0
- jinja2 ==3.1.2
- keyring ==23.7.0
- lark-parser ==0.12.0
- libcst ==0.4.7
- markupsafe ==2.1.1
- matplotlib-inline ==0.1.3
- mccabe ==0.6.1
- mypy ==0.971
- mypy-extensions ==0.4.3
- nodeenv ==1.7.0
- packaging ==21.3
- parso ==0.8.3
- pathspec ==0.9.0
- pbr ==5.9.0
- pep517 ==0.13.0
- pexpect ==4.8.0
- pickleshare ==0.7.5
- pip-tools ==6.8.0
- pkginfo ==1.8.3
- platformdirs ==2.5.2
- pluggy ==1.0.0
- prompt-toolkit ==3.0.30
- ptyprocess ==0.7.0
- pure-eval ==0.2.2
- py ==1.11.0
- pycodestyle ==2.8.0
- pycparser ==2.21
- pydocstyle ==6.1.1
- pyflakes ==2.4.0
- pygments ==2.12.0
- pyparsing ==3.0.9
- pyright ==1.1.264
- pytest ==7.1.2
- python-dateutil ==2.8.2
- pytz ==2022.1
- pyupgrade ==2.37.3
- pyyaml ==6.0
- readme-renderer ==35.0
- requests ==2.28.1
- requests-toolbelt ==0.9.1
- restructuredtext-lint ==1.4.0
- rfc3986 ==2.0.0
- rich ==12.5.1
- secretstorage ==3.3.2
- shed ==0.10.1
- six ==1.16.0
- smmap ==5.0.0
- snowballstemmer ==2.2.0
- sortedcontainers ==2.4.0
- soupsieve ==2.3.2.post1
- sphinx ==5.1.1
- sphinx-codeautolink ==0.11.0
- sphinx-hoverxref ==1.1.3
- sphinx-rtd-theme ==1.0.0
- sphinx-selective-exclude ==1.0.3
- sphinxcontrib-applehelp ==1.0.2
- sphinxcontrib-devhelp ==1.0.2
- sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp ==2.0.0
- sphinxcontrib-jsmath ==1.0.1
- sphinxcontrib-qthelp ==1.0.3
- sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml ==1.1.5
- sqlparse ==0.4.2
- stack-data ==0.3.0
- stevedore ==4.0.0
- tokenize-rt ==4.2.1
- toml ==0.10.2
- tomli ==2.0.1
- tox ==3.25.1
- traitlets ==5.3.0
- twine ==4.0.1
- types-click ==7.1.8
- types-pkg-resources ==0.1.3
- types-pytz ==2022.1.2
- types-redis ==4.3.12
- typing-extensions ==4.3.0
- typing-inspect ==0.7.1
- urllib3 ==1.26.11
- virtualenv ==20.16.2
- wcwidth ==0.2.5
- webencodings ==0.5.1
- wheel ==0.37.1
- zipp ==3.8.1
- github-pages >= 0 development
- jekyll-redirect-from >= 0 development
- activesupport 4.2.9
- addressable 2.5.2
- coffee-script 2.4.1
- coffee-script-source 1.11.1
- colorator 1.1.0
- commonmarker 0.17.7.1
- concurrent-ruby 1.0.5
- ethon 0.11.0
- execjs 2.7.0
- faraday 0.14.0
- ffi 1.9.21
- forwardable-extended 2.6.0
- gemoji 3.0.0
- github-pages 177
- github-pages-health-check 1.3.5
- html-pipeline 2.7.1
- i18n 0.9.4
- jekyll 3.6.2
- jekyll-avatar 0.5.0
- jekyll-coffeescript 1.0.2
- jekyll-commonmark 1.1.0
- jekyll-commonmark-ghpages 0.1.5
- jekyll-default-layout 0.1.4
- jekyll-feed 0.9.2
- jekyll-gist 1.4.1
- jekyll-github-metadata 2.9.3
- jekyll-mentions 1.2.0
- jekyll-optional-front-matter 0.3.0
- jekyll-paginate 1.1.0
- jekyll-readme-index 0.2.0
- jekyll-redirect-from 0.12.1
- jekyll-relative-links 0.5.2
- jekyll-remote-theme 0.2.3
- jekyll-sass-converter 1.5.0
- jekyll-seo-tag 2.3.0
- jekyll-sitemap 1.1.1
- jekyll-swiss 0.4.0
- jekyll-theme-architect 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-cayman 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-dinky 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-hacker 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-leap-day 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-merlot 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-midnight 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-minimal 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-modernist 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-primer 0.5.2
- jekyll-theme-slate 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-tactile 0.1.0
- jekyll-theme-time-machine 0.1.0
- jekyll-titles-from-headings 0.5.0
- jekyll-watch 1.5.1
- jemoji 0.8.1
- kramdown 1.16.2
- liquid 4.0.0
- listen 3.0.6
- mercenary 0.3.6
- mini_portile2 2.3.0
- minima 2.1.1
- minitest 5.11.3
- multipart-post 2.0.0
- net-dns 0.8.0
- nokogiri 1.8.2
- octokit 4.8.0
- pathutil 0.16.1
- public_suffix 2.0.5
- rb-fsevent 0.10.2
- rb-inotify 0.9.10
- rouge 2.2.1
- ruby-enum 0.7.1
- rubyzip 1.2.1
- safe_yaml 1.0.4
- sass 3.5.5
- sass-listen 4.0.0
- sawyer 0.8.1
- terminal-table 1.8.0
- thread_safe 0.3.6
- typhoeus 0.8.0
- tzinfo 1.2.5
- unicode-display_width 1.3.0
- rspec ~> 3.0 development
- minitest ~> 5.8.4
- rake >= 10.0, < 14.0
- redcarpet ~> 3.4.0
- rubocop ~> 0.51.0
- rutie ~> 0.0.3
- simplecov ~> 0.15.1
- yard ~> 0.9.12
- ast 2.4.0
- diff-lcs 1.3
- docile 1.1.5
- hypothesis-specs 0.7.0
- json 2.1.0
- minitest 5.8.5
- parallel 1.12.1
- parser 2.5.1.0
- powerpack 0.1.1
- rainbow 2.2.2
- rake 12.3.1
- redcarpet 3.4.0
- rspec 3.7.0
- rspec-core 3.7.1
- rspec-expectations 3.7.0
- rspec-mocks 3.7.0
- rspec-support 3.7.1
- rubocop 0.51.0
- ruby-progressbar 1.9.0
- rutie 0.0.4
- simplecov 0.15.1
- simplecov-html 0.10.2
- unicode-display_width 1.3.2
- yard 0.9.12
- rutie ~> 0.0.3
- actions/cache v2 composite
- actions/checkout v3 composite
- actions/setup-python v2 composite
- actions/upload-artifact v2 composite
- actions/checkout v3 composite
- actions/setup-python v2 composite
- peter-evans/create-pull-request v4 composite
- ruby 2.4-alpine3.6 build
- actions/cache v3 composite
- actions/checkout v3 composite
- actions/setup-python v4 composite
- actions/upload-artifact v3 composite
- dawidd6/action-download-artifact v2.24.3 composite
- hypofuzz *
- ansi2html ==1.8.0
- async-timeout ==4.0.3
- attrs ==23.1.0
- black ==23.9.1
- certifi ==2023.7.22
- charset-normalizer ==3.2.0
- click ==8.1.7
- coverage ==7.3.1
- dash ==2.13.0
- dash-core-components ==2.0.0
- dash-html-components ==2.0.0
- dash-table ==5.0.0
- dpcontracts ==0.6.0
- exceptiongroup ==1.1.3
- execnet ==2.0.2
- fakeredis ==2.18.1
- flask ==2.2.5
- hypofuzz ==23.7.1
- hypothesis ==6.86.2
- idna ==3.4
- iniconfig ==2.0.0
- itsdangerous ==2.1.2
- jinja2 ==3.1.2
- lark ==1.1.7
- libcst ==1.0.1
- markdown-it-py ==3.0.0
- markupsafe ==2.1.3
- mdurl ==0.1.2
- mypy-extensions ==1.0.0
- nest-asyncio ==1.5.8
- numpy ==1.26.0
- packaging ==23.1
- pandas ==2.1.1
- pathspec ==0.11.2
- pexpect ==4.8.0
- platformdirs ==3.10.0
- plotly ==5.17.0
- pluggy ==1.3.0
- psutil ==5.9.5
- ptyprocess ==0.7.0
- pygments ==2.16.1
- pytest ==7.4.2
- pytest-xdist ==3.3.1
- python-dateutil ==2.8.2
- pytz ==2023.3.post1
- pyyaml ==6.0.1
- redis ==5.0.0
- requests ==2.31.0
- retrying ==1.3.4
- rich ==13.5.3
- setuptools ==68.2.2
- six ==1.16.0
- sortedcontainers ==2.4.0
- tenacity ==8.2.3
- tomli ==2.0.1
- typing-extensions ==4.8.0
- typing-inspect ==0.9.0
- tzdata ==2023.3
- urllib3 ==2.0.5
- werkzeug ==2.2.3
