CurvilinearGrids

CurvilinearGrids.jl is a Julia package that provides utilities for working with non-uniform curvilinear grids. The core function takes a grid and transforms it from $(x,y,z) \rightarrow (\xi,\eta,\zeta)$, where the transformed grid contains elements of unit length in each dimension. A common example of this is to use a body-fit mesh, e.g. a mesh around a wing, and transform it so that it becomes a uniform grid in $(\xi,\eta,\zeta)$. Then standard finite-difference stencils can be used on the uniform transformed grid. Below is an example of a cylindrical mesh in $(x,y)$ coordinates and the corresponding logical grid in $(\xi,\eta)$.

CurvilinearGrids.jl defines CurvilinearGrid1D, CurvilinearGrid2D, and CurvilinearGrid3D types. To construct these, you need to provide the discrete coordinates for the mesh.

Installation

CurvilinearGrids is a registered Julia package, so installation follows the typical procedure: julia using Pkg; Pkg.add("CurvilinearGrids"); using CurvilinearGrids

Example Grid Construction

```julia using CurvilinearGrids

"""Create a spherical grid as a function of (r,θ,ϕ)""" function sphere_grid(nr, ntheta, nphi) r0, r1 = (1, 3) # min/max radius (θ0, θ1) = deg2rad.((35, 180 - 35)) # min/max polar angle (ϕ0, ϕ1) = deg2rad.((45, 360 - 45)) # min/max azimuthal angle

# Linear spacing in each dimension # Sometimes (ξ, η, ζ) is used instead of (i, j, k), depending on preference r(ξ) = r0 + (r1 - r0) * ((ξ - 1) / (nr - 1)) θ(η) = θ0 + (θ1 - θ0) * ((η - 1) / (ntheta - 1)) ϕ(ζ) = ϕ0 + (ϕ1 - ϕ0) * ((ζ - 1) / (nphi - 1))

x = zeros(nr, ntheta, nphi) y = zeros(nr, ntheta, nphi) z = zeros(nr, ntheta, nphi) # simple spherical to cartesian mapping for idx in CartesianIndices(x) i,j,k = idx.I x[idx] = r(i) * sin(θ(j)) * cos(ϕ(k)) y[idx] = r(i) * sin(θ(j)) * sin(ϕ(k)) z[idx] = r(i) * cos(θ(j)) end

return (x, y, z) end

ni, nj, nk = (5, 9, 11) # number of nodes/vertices in each dimension nhalo = 4 # halo cells needed for stencils (can be set to 0)

Obtain the x, y, and z coordinate functions

x, y, z = sphere_grid(ni, nj, nk)

Create the mesh

scheme = :meg6_symmetric # the symmetric scheme is more robust but more costly than :meg6 mesh = CurvilinearGrid3D(x, y, z, scheme) ```

Exported Functions

The API is still a work-in-progress, but for the moment, these functions are exported:

Here idx can be a Tuple or CartesianIndex, and mesh is an AbstractCurvilinearGrid. Important: The indices provided to these functions are aware of halo regions, so the functions do the offsets for you. Halo cells, or halo regions, are an additional layer of cells around the boundary of the mesh that do not contain geometric information. Halo cells are used to apply boundary conditions in a simple manner and to exchange data between domains (in a domain-decomposed setting, e.g. using MPI). This is by design, since fields attached to the mesh, like density or pressure for example, will have halo regions, and loops through these fields typically have pre-defined limits that constrain the loop to only work in the non-halo cells. If you don't use halo cells, just set nhalo=0 in the constructors.

The index can be a Tuple, scalar Integer, or CartesianIndex. - coord(mesh, idx): Get the $(x,y,z)$ coordinates at index idx. This can be 1, 2, or 3D. - centroid(mesh, idx): Get the $(x,y,z)$ coordinates of the cell centroid at cell index idx. This can be 1, 2, or 3D.

These functions are primarily used to get the complete set of coordinates for plotting or post-processing. These do not use halo regions, since there geometry is ill-defined here. - coords(mesh) Get the: array of coordinates for the entire mesh (typically for writing to a .vtk for example) - centroids(mesh) Get the: array of centroid coordinates for the entire mesh (typically for writing to a .vtk file)

Constructors

General purpuse constructors for 1D/2D/3D grids. These need a vector/matrix/array of vertex coordinates and the number of halo cells to pad by. - CurvilinearGrid1D(x::AbstractVector{T}, scheme::Symbol) - CurvilinearGrid2D(x::AbstractMatrix{T}, y::AbstractMatrix{T}, scheme::Symbol) - CurvilinearGrid3D(x::AbstractArray{T,3}, y::AbstractArray{T,3}, z::AbstractArray{T,3}, scheme::Symbol)

The scheme is currently limited to the following: - :meg6 : See Chandravamsi et. al (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2023.105859) - :meg6_symmetric : For the meg6 scheme with grid metrics computed via a symemtric scheme - See Nonmura et. al (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2014.09.025)

A few convienence constructors have been added to make it simpler to generate certain types of grids. Use the ? in the REPL to see the useage.

• rectilinear_grid: A rectilinear grid in 1D/2D/3D
• rectilinear_cylindrical_grid: A rectilinear grid with cylindrical symmetry
• rectilinear_spherical_grid: A rectilinear grid with spherical symmetry

• axisymmetric_rectilinear_grid: A rectilinear grid with axisymmetry about a given axis

• rtheta_grid: Provide (r,θ) coordinates to generate a polar mesh

• axisymmetric_rtheta_grid: Provide (r,θ) coordinates to generate a polar mesh with axisymmetry

• rthetaphi_grid: : Provide (r,θ,ϕ) coordinates to generate a polar mesh

Grid Metrics

Grid metrics are required for curvilinear grids. These are stored as members of the CurvilinearGrid types. There are three primary grid metric types: 1. forward metrics $(x\xi, y\xi, ...)$, 2. inverse metrics $(\xix, \etay, ...)$, and 3. normalized inverse metrics $(\hat{\xi}x, \hat{\eta}y, ...)$. The subscript denotes a partial derivative, so $\xix = \partial \xi / \partial x$. The inverse and normalized inverse metrics are computing using conservative schemes that satisfy the Geometric Conservation Law (Thomas & Lombard 1979). Metrics are interpolated from cell-center to edge interfaces using the same discretization scheme that computed the derivatives (this is essential for adherance to the GCL). The metrics are StructArrays that include the Jacobian J, metrics $\xii, \etai, \zetai$ for $i={x1}, _{x2}, _{x3}$. For a 3D mesh, for example: ```julia julia> keys(pairs(mesh.edgemetrics)) (:i₊½, :j₊½, :k₊½)

julia> keys(pairs(mesh.edge_metrics.i₊½)) (:ξ̂, :η̂, :ζ̂, :ξ, :η, :ζ)

julia> keys(pairs(mesh.cellcentermetrics)) (:J, :ξ, :η, :ζ, :ξ̂, :η̂, :ζ̂, :x₁, :x₂, :x₃) ```

Jacobian matrices of transformation

Terminology can be somewhat confusing, but the "Jacobian matrix" is the matrix of partial derivatives that describe the forward or inverse transformation, and uses a bold-face $\textbf{J}$. The "Jacobian" then refers to the determinant of the Jacobian matrix, and is the non-bolded $J$. Some authors refer to the matrix as the "Jacobi matrix" as well. See Wikipedia for more details.

Forward transformation, or $T: (\xi,\eta,\zeta) \rightarrow (x,y,z)$. These functions are what is provided to the CurvilinearGrid constructors. See the included examples above and in the unit tests.

$$ \textbf{J} = \begin{bmatrix} x\xi & x\eta & x\zeta \ y\xi & y\eta & y\zeta \ z\xi & z\eta & z_\zeta \end{bmatrix} $$

$$ J = \det [\textbf{J}] $$

Inverse transformation $T^{-1}$: $(x,y,z) \rightarrow (\xi,\eta,\zeta)$ :

$$ \textbf{J}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} \xix & \xiy & \xiz \ \etax & \etay & \etaz \ \zetax & \zetay & \zeta_z \end{bmatrix} $$

$$ J^{-1} = \det [\textbf{J}^{-1}] $$

These matrices can be accessed by calling J = jacobian_matrix(mesh, I::CartesianIndex). The inverse can be found via inv(J). Note that the inverse metrics found this way will not be conservative and may introduce errors into your discretization. This is why the inverse metrics are stored in mesh.metrics.

Using metrics in a PDE discretization

Curvilinear transformations are often used to simulate PDEs like the heat equation or the Euler equations for fluid flow. A vastly simplified example is shown below, where the divergence of the flux ($\nabla \cdot q$) is found for a 1D rectilinear grid. A good description of metrics and PDE discretization is in Chapter 3 of Huang, W. & Russell, R. D. Adaptive Moving Mesh Methods.

```julia using CurvilinearGrids: rectilinear_grid using CartesianDomains: shift

x0, x1 = (-1.0, 1.0) ncells = 100 scheme = :meg6_symmetric

rectilinear_grid() is a CurvilinearGrid1D constructor for uniform geometry

mesh = rectilineargrid(x0, x1, scheme) ξx = mesh.cellcenter_metrics.ξ.x₁

const iaxis = 1

u = rand(size(mesh.iterators.cell.full)...) # solution qᵢ₊½ = zeros(size(mesh.iterators.cell.full)) # flux of u ∇dotq = zeros(size(mesh.iterators.cell.full)) # flux divergence α = ones(size(mesh.iterators.cell.full)) # diffusivity

Find the fluxes across the edges

for i in mesh.iterators.cell.domain # only loop through the inner domain (ignore halo region) ᵢ₊₁ = shift(i, iaxis, +1) # shift is useful for indexing in arbitrary dimensions

αᵢ₊½ = (α[i] + α[ᵢ₊₁]) / 2 # face averaged conductivity qᵢ₊½[i] = -αᵢ₊½ * (u[ᵢ₊₁] - u[i]) # flux of u across the interface at ᵢ₊½ end

Now find the flux divergence

for i in mesh.iterators.cell.domain ᵢ₋₁ = shift(i, iaxis, -1)

# note the use of the mesh metric, # which for this case is just the cell spacing ∇dotq[i] = ξx[i]^2 * (qᵢ₊½[i] - qᵢ₊½[ᵢ₋₁]) end ```