phd

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Citation (citation_classification/PD100cit/100_citation_sample.csv)

file_name,doc_type,title,identifier,lg,section,l3,l3_useful,l2,l2_useful,l1,l1_useful,citation_sentence,citation,end_citation_sentence,citance_useful,r1,r1_useful,r2,r2_useful,r3,r3_useful,annotation_rhetorical_function,annotation_biological_function,vector_Status,polarity,number_of_citation_in_sentence,number_of_citation_in_section,full_reference
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.6"" xml:id=""_BzEMUqb"">Bactericera nigricornis as a new vector of</head>","Thus, B. nigricornis could potentially transmit CaLsol from carrot to potato crops and viceversa.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Although eggs and immatures B. nigricornis are rarely observed during visual inspections in the field, the reproduction and presence of this psyllid species on potato crops has been confirmed <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">(Hodkinson et al. 1981;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">Antolínez et al. 2019</ref>) and has been reported to cause severe yield losses in Iran <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">(Fathi et al. 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Although CaLsol-positive adults of B. nigricornis have been found in potato crops in Spain, the role of this species in transmitting the bacterium to potato was never demonstrated <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b147"">(Teresani et al. 2015)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : Y,"Accordingly, a study of the possible role of B. nigricornis as a vector of CaLsol on potato was strongly needed because of the important economic losses in the carrot and potato industry associated with pathogen spread type=""bibr"" target=""#b76"">(Liefting et al. 2009;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b98"">Munyaneza 2010;</ref> type=""bibr"">Munyaneza et al. 2010a;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b99"">2012;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">2015;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">Alfaro-Fernández et al. 2012a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">2012b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Bertolini et al. 2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b100"">Munyaneza 2015)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For this reason, we conducted a series of transmission experiments under controlled conditions at ICA-CSIC (Madrid, Spain) to evaluate the transmission rate of CaLsol (haplotype E) by B. nigricornis in carrot and potato plants.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Bactericera nigricornis CaLsol-free and CaLso-infected colonies were established at the ICA-CSIC and used for the assays.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"First, a B. nigricornis CaLSol-free colony was established by collecting insects from a population in a potato field in Valladolid, Spain, in 2016.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,motivation,relation_insect_pathogen_plant,Y | unconfirmed,positive,9,26,NO TARGET FOUND
2004_Seemuller_Candidatus Phytoplasma.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1099/ijs.0.02823-0</idno>","lang=""en""","CaLso-infected colonies were established at the ICA-CSIC and used for the assays. First, a B. nigricornis CaLSol-free colony was established by collecting i","The AP, PD and ESFY phytoplasmas are closely related phylogenetically.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In interspecific comparisons of the AP/PD, AP/ESFY and PD/ESFY agents, differences in 16S rDNA sequences were 1?0-1?1, 1?3-1?5 and 1?2-1?3 %, respectively.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Strain PYLR1 is related most closely to the PD strains, with which it shares 99?6 % sequence similarity, whereas similarity values between the AP and ESFY strains were 98?4-98?6 %.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Sequence similarity values within taxa and divergence between taxa largely confirm the results of previous work,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b68"">(Seemu ¨ller et al., 1994</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">(Seemu ¨ller et al., , 1998b))</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"Phylogenetic relatedness of the phytoplasmas examined is depicted in Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_0"">1</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Strains of each of the three pathogens cluster tightly together and form three distinct branches.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The PYLR agent clusters with the PD strains.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,support,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,positive,2,74,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Seemu ¨ller, E., Schneider, B., Ma ¨urer, R. &amp; 8 other authors (1994). Phylogenetic classification of phytopathogenic mollicutes by sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 440-446.</note>"
2004_Seemuller_Candidatus Phytoplasma.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1099/ijs.0.02823-0</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_q9eQ7WX"">TAXONOMIC EVIDENCE</head>","The AP, PD and ESFY phytoplasmas are closely related phylogenetically.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In interspecific comparisons of the AP/PD, AP/ESFY and PD/ESFY agents, differences in 16S rDNA sequences were 1?0-1?1, 1?3-1?5 and 1?2-1?3 %, respectively.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Strain PYLR1 is related most closely to the PD strains, with which it shares 99?6 % sequence similarity, whereas similarity values between the AP and ESFY strains were 98?4-98?6 %.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Sequence similarity values within taxa and divergence between taxa largely confirm the results of previous work type=""bibr"" target=""#b68"">(Seemu ¨ller et al., 1994</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">(Seemu ¨ller et al., , 1998b))</ref>",.,for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"Phylogenetic relatedness of the phytoplasmas examined is depicted in Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_0"">1</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Strains of each of the three pathogens cluster tightly together and form three distinct branches.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The PYLR agent clusters with the PD strains.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,support,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,positive,2,74,"Seemu ¨ller, E., Kison, H., Lorenz, K.-H., Schneider, B., Marcone, C., Smart, C. D. &amp; Kirkpatrick, B. C. (1998a). Detection and identification of fruit tree phytoplasmas by PCR amplification of ribosomal and nonribosomal DNA. In COST 823: New Technologies to Improve Phytodiagnosis. Advances in the Detection of Plant Pathogens by Polymerase Chain Reaction, pp. 56-66. Edited by C. Manceau. Luxembourg: European Community."
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""1"" xml:id=""_pwMmjCn"">Introduction: the economic impact of psyllids as vectors of plant diseases</head>","Their economic importance has risen in the past 20 years probably due to globalization (increasing trade of plant material over the world) and also due to global warming that facilitates the expansion and adaptation of psyllid pests into new habitats and geographical regions <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Fereres 2015)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Psyllids are vectors of economically important phytoplasma diseases of fruit trees such as pear decline (PD), apple proliferation, and European stone fruit yellows <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Bertaccini et al. 2019)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"All these diseases are transmitted by a single genus: Cacopsylla spp., and are mainly restricted to the Paleartic regions.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Cacopsylla melanoneura (Foerster 1848; Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and C. picta (Foerster 1848; Hemiptera: Psyllidae) are well-known vectors of apple proliferation phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma mali; type=""bibr"" target=""#b145"">Tedeschi &amp; Alma 2004;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">Bertaccini et al. 2019)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,This serious disease is spread across Europe and infects apples.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Other economically important diseases in fruit trees are PD transmitted by C. pyricola (Foerster 1848; Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in the UK <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">(Davies et al. 1992</ref>) and by C. pyri <ref type=""bibr"">(Linné, 1961;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Hemiptera: Psyllidae)</ref> in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b75"">(Lemoine 1991)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"">(Carraro et al. 1998a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Additionally, European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma is transmitted by C. pruni (Scopoli 1763; Hemiptera: Psyllidae) <ref type=""bibr"">(Carraro et al. 1998b)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_insect_disease_pathogen,Y | factual,positive,2,33,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Bertaccini, A., Oshima, K., Kube, M., &amp; Rao, G. P. (2019). Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria-III. Springer; https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2832-9#toc</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.2.2"" xml:id=""_ZCukmDg"">Biology</head>","Several studies have been conducted in South Africa with varying temperatures but the results are variable, sometimes contradictory, and the duration of each life stage (egg, nymph and adult) is unclear.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Unfortunately, reliable basal and upper developmental temperatures from which phenological models could be developed using minimum and maximum temperature thresholds have not been determined.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Nymphal development depends mainly on temperature and may take from 17 to 43 d at 25 °C and 14 °C, respectively <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Catling 1973)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The lower temperature threshold for development is about 10 °C type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Catling 1973)</ref>, whereas a temperature of 32 °C, with low relative humidity, is particularly deleterious for all instars","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b97"">(Moran &amp; Blowers 1967)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The first instar lasts the longest, probably because of the long time needed for the crawlers to settle and establish themselves.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Nymphal development is prolonged on poorly nourished citrus leaves.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In the field, young growth in poor condition also causes high rates of mortality and produces flattened nymphs of reduced size <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Catling 1971)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,life-cycle_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,2,12,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Moran, V. C., &amp; Blowers, J. R. (1967). On the biology of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 30, 96-106.</note>"
2012_Camerota_Italy_Piedmont_Incidence Of Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Incidence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus’ and phytoplasmas in Cacopsylla species (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and their host/shelter plants,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/s12600-012-0225-5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_nsMzaAd"">Materials and methods</head>","Insects were collected from Pyrus communis L. (pear), Malus domestica (Borkh.)",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"(apple), Crataegus monogyna (Jacquin) (hawthorn), Prunus spinosa (L.) (blackthorn), Prunus domestica (L.) (plum) and Salix caprea (L.) (goat willow) using the beat-tray method, and from Abies alba (Miller) (silver fir), Picea abies (L.) (Norway spruce), Larix decidua (Miller) (European larch) and Pinus sylvestris (L.) (Scots pine) by means of a sweep net (35 cm diam) with a 5-m telescopic handle <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(Čermák and Lauterer 2008)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For the beat-tray method, also called 'frappage', a white plastic tray (250× 350 mm) was held beneath the tree branches and the branches were struck several times to dislodge insects into the tray.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The psyllids were then collected in glass tubes by means of a mouth aspirator and brought to the laboratory for further analyses,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Horton 1994;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">Tedeschi et al. 2002)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The species Cacopsylla pyrisuga (Förster), Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster), Cacopsylla peregrina (Förster), Cacopsylla crataegi (Schrank), Cacopsylla nigrita (Zetterstedt), Cacopsylla breviantennata (Flor), Cacopsylla pruni (Scopoli) and Cacopsylla ambigua (Förster) were identified by examining the forewings and male and female terminalia <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Ossiannilsson 1992)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Cacopsylla melanoneura (Förster) and Cacopsylla affinis (Löw) were also collected.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Due to the fact that these latter two species live together on Crataegus spp., migrate to conifers as shelter plants for aestivation and overwintering and have similar morphological characters, all Cacopsylla spp.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,sampling_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,2,6,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Horton, D. R. (1994). Relationship among sampling methods in density estimates of pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae): implications of sex, reproductive maturity, and sampling location. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 583-591.</note>"
2012_Camerota_Italy_Piedmont_Incidence Of Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Incidence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus’ and phytoplasmas in Cacopsylla species (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and their host/shelter plants,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/s12600-012-0225-5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_7VM6RWg"">Discussion</head><p xml:id=""_kdcvXtX""><s xml:id=""_uVnbK3Z"">The results suggest that CLeu is widespread throughout European areas characterized by oceanic and continental climate types.</s><s xml:id=""_SWDv2vD"">This corroborates preliminary observations made in northwestern Italy, where the α-Proteobacterium was found in the oceanic and continental climates of the Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions, respectively <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">(Raddadi et al. 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_FAT6jyZ"">Moreover, this is the first report of CLeu in Hungary, confirming this bacterium's ability to spread in continental climates.</s><s xml:id=""_Nr87dG4"">On the other hand, we did not detect any CLeu infections in Israel.</s><s xml:id=""_www4QxT"">There are a variety of possible reasons for this, including the different climate, the presence of different host plants for many of the psyllid species tested (for instance, plants that do not belong to the Rosaceae family could be unsuitable for the development of CLeu), the possibility that the bacterium has simply not yet arrived, or the relatively low number of samples tested.</s><s xml:id=""_JcPez3c"">Further studies are needed to exclude the presence of CLeu in this area, and clarify its spread throughout different Mediterranean regions.</s></p><p xml:id=""_uxq6UgM""><s xml:id=""_tSA3Hxh"">CLeu was detected in all insect species analyzed in both Italy and Hungary except C. crataegi -although in this case very few individuals were tested -and C. pruni.</s><s xml:id=""_6yzg76d"">This suggests that, at least in oceanic and continental areas within Europe, this bacterium is widespread within the Cacopsylla genus.</s><s xml:id=""_4mV2j3G"">Similarly, CLeu was present in all of the host plants of these species except for plum.</s><s xml:id=""_nKDrP3J"">However, we know that the principal host plant of C. pruni is blackthorn, whereas plum is only sporadically colonized by this insect <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Jarausch et al. 2007)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_jT7yPYe"">The occurrence of CLeu in blackthorn indicates that C. pruni can be exposed to CLeu, although the uptake rate is likely relatively low.</s></p><p xml:id=""_YBEQbnz""><s xml:id=""_NQ8Ys4D"">In contrast, CLeu was never found in conifers or goat willow.</s><s xml:id=""_RWXU5mJ"">This could be due to the dissimilar compositions of these plants' phloem sap: whereas in most plants, conifers included, sucrose is the predominant component of phloem sap, in Rosaceae plants the sugar alcohol sorbitol is the main carbohydrate in the phloem <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">(Zimmerman and Ziegler 1975)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_aZ5jUBx"">The presence of high concentrations of sorbitol may influence the presence and development of CLeu, creating a suitable environment.</s><s xml:id=""_PPvfte2"">Very little information is available on the phloem composition of Rutaceae and Solanaceae plants, so it is difficult to compare the spread of CLeu and other 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_tGy3U6h"">Liberibacter' spp. in relation to host plant characteristics.</s><s xml:id=""_QHV9FPs"">Further work is required to clarify this aspect.</s><s xml:id=""_rHGzKJz"">Note, also, that sampling limitations might obscure other factors with a potential influence on the failure to detect CLeu in conifers and goat willow: the bacterium could have been absent on the collected branches but present in other plant parts.</s><s xml:id=""_tX6cKHZ"">Indeed, the uneven distribution of liberibacters in plants is well known <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Tatineni et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Teixeira et al. 2008a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Wen et al. 2009</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_77wK3T3"">In addition, the limited number of sampled trees leads to a smaller chance of encountering an infected host, especially when infection rates are low.</s></p><p xml:id=""_5TYca4H""><s xml:id=""_PX7AAD7"">Similarly, phytoplasmas could not be detected in any of the conifer samples.</s><s xml:id=""_phb7Tdb"">As infections by a group 16SrXXI phytoplasma have been reported in Pinus spp.</s><s xml:id=""_7rDVX3d"">and other conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Kamińska et al. 2011;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">Schneider et al. 2005)</ref>, further research might reveal the occurrence of phytoplasma-infected conifers in northwestern Italy.</s></p><p xml:id=""_PWgDx3y""><s xml:id=""_D4vv3kN"">In most of the insect species tested, we observed high infection rates of CLeu which, in the case of C. pyrisuga, were higher than the percentages observed in Florida, USA (8.7%) and Indonesia (45.2%) for Diaphorina citri with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_MUnGWW9"">Liberibacter asiaticus' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Manjunath et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Subandiyah et al. 2000)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_zNuktNw"">Such a high infection rate supports a hypothesis of CLeu's role in the insect host as a beneficial symbiont, similar to 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_zRtkAjd"">Liberibacter asiaticus' in Diaphorina citri, whose role as a beneficial symbiont rather than a simple ingested bacterium passing through the gut was suggested by analysis of the bacterium's genome content <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Duan et al. 2009)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_z36A7Wv"">However, for the most part, the interaction between liberibacters and their hosts remains unclear.</s><s xml:id=""_M6JZ95H"">In Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), for instance, 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_d8Fnefh"">L. solanacearum' has been reported to have a negative effect on its vector's population growth rate on tomato <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">(Nachappa et al. 2012)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_S9deJBF""><s xml:id=""_yYj8GHS"">CLeu was found in aestivating, overwintering and newly emerged adults of monovoltine species, and in winter-and summer-form adults of polyvoltine species.</s><s xml:id=""_Vk9s6FK"">It would be interesting to determine whether psyllids on shelter plants retain the bacterium during aestivation and overwintering.</s><s xml:id=""_xDEJpQ4"">No CLeu could be detected in C. melanoneura specimens collected from conifers, but in C. nigrita and C. breviantennata, with Salix spp.</s><s xml:id=""_EBTVTsN"">and Sorbus spp. as their respective host plants, some CLeu-positive individuals were recorded on conifers.</s><s xml:id=""_fxPCafs"">Considering the fact that the conifer plants themselves were always negative for these species, it is possible that these psyllids retained a level of infectivity from previous feeding activity on host plants, although further studies should be carried out to specify the origin of infection in these Cacopsylla species and the presence of this bacterium on different host plant species.</s></p><p xml:id=""_xN5K8Gu""><s xml:id=""_q6Ghzqv"">Preliminary transmission trials have demonstrated C. pyri's ability to transmit CLeu to healthy pear plants <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">(Raddadi et al. 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_pqadnPN"">The finding of this bacterium in a high number of Cacopsylla species and on their respective host plants calls for verification of all of these species' transmission abilities.</s><s xml:id=""_RxySjPg"">Their possible role as vectors will have a great influence on the spread of this bacterium.</s></p><p xml:id=""_HCpe7cA""><s xml:id=""_2aDrCT3"">Considering the fact that so far, symptoms related to CLeu have never been observed on infected plants, we cannot consider this liberibacter a plant pathogen, in agreement with previous observations by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">Raddadi et al. (2011)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_2VQduZn""><s xml:id=""_pPNArbf"">In our study we found mixed infections of CLeu and 16SrX group phytoplasmas in psyllids and plants.</s><s xml:id=""_QFdMeC6"">The consequences of this co-presence on the insect host's fitness remain to be determined.</s><s xml:id=""_qNTFdu8"">On the other hand, mixed infections were found in both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants, but we were not able to find any correlation between the co-infection and phytoplasma symptom expression (data not shown).</s><s xml:id=""_8N6F3Hx"">The simultaneous presence of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_VmE9FYh"">Liberibacter' spp.</s><s xml:id=""_5R82d9X"">and group 16SrIX and 16SrI phytoplasmas has also been observed on citrus plants, but not in the insect vectors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Chen et al. 2009;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Teixeira et al. 2008b)</ref>, and there was no particular influence on symptom severity.</s><s xml:id=""_ng3w6WF"">The interactions between these bacteria in insects and plants thus warrant further investigation.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" type=""table"" xml:id=""tab_0""><head>Table 1</head>","In addition, the limited number of sampled trees leads to a smaller chance of encountering an infected host, especially when infection rates are low.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Similarly, phytoplasmas could not be detected in any of the conifer samples.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"As infections by a group 16SrXXI phytoplasma have been reported in Pinus spp. and other conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Kamińska et al. 2011;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">Schneider et al. 2005)</ref>, further research might reveal the occurrence of phytoplasma-infected conifers in northwestern Italy.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In most of the insect species tested, we observed high infection rates of CLeu which, in the case of C. pyrisuga, were higher than the percentages observed in Florida, USA (8.7%) and Indonesia (45.2%) for Diaphorina citri with 'Ca.Liberibacter asiaticus' type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Manjunath et al. 2008;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Subandiyah et al. 2000)</ref>",.,for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"Such a high infection rate supports a hypothesis of CLeu's role in the insect host as a beneficial symbiont, similar to 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Liberibacter asiaticus' in Diaphorina citri, whose role as a beneficial symbiont rather than a simple ingested bacterium passing through the gut was suggested by analysis of the bacterium's genome content <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Duan et al. 2009)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, for the most part, the interaction between liberibacters and their hosts remains unclear.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoRes,infection-rate,Y | factual,neutral,2,16,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Subandiyah, S., Nikoh, N., Tsuyumu, S., Somowiyarjo, S., &amp; Fukatsu, T. (2000). Complex endosymbiotic microbiota of the citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psylloidea). Zoological Science, 17, 983-989.</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_2tYpbFD"">Introduction</head>","The influence of phytoplasma infections on salicylic acid, jasmonates, auxins, abscisic acid, ethylene and cytokinine biosynthesis and pathways was recently reviewed by Dermastia <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">[26]</ref>, illustrating the diverse and complex interactions between the specialized pathogens and their host plants.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In the case of phytoplasmas, the impact on vector insects that are crucial for the distribution of phytoplasmas, has to be taken into consideration.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"So far, all phytoplasmas of the group 16SrX causing important fruit crop diseases are vectored by jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) or succinctly psyllids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">[28]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">[29]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">[30]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Psyllid nymphs and adults feed on plant phloem and occasionally on xylem sap type=""bibr"" target=""#b30"">[31]</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">[32]</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">[33]</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Therefore, morphological changes of the plant vascular system may affect psyllid feeding behaviour and suitability of plants as hosts of vector insects.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Additionally, phloem/xylem components may influence host choice and oviposition behaviour of psyllids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b30"">[31,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">32,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">34,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">35]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"To detect appropriate host plants for feeding and reproduction, volatile signals are used by many vectoring psyllid species during migration <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">[36]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">[37]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">[38]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">[39]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">[40]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">[41]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">[42]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b42"">[43]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | behaviour_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,3,50,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Weintraub PG, Beanland L. Insect vectors of phytoplasmas. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 2006; 51, 91-111. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151039 PMID: 16332205</note>"
2020_Cao_A timetree for phytoplasmas Mollicutes with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification .grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,A timetree for phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""1."" xml:id=""_cQffZXp"">Introduction</head>","These are partly congruent with a more recent phylogeny based on phosphoglycerate kinase (Pgk) amino acid sequences (Wolf et al., 2004).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"A recent multilocus phylogeny confirmed four well-established major groups of Tenericutes (""Acholeplasma"", ""Spiroplasma"", ""Pneumoniae"" and ""Hominis"") <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(Gupta et al., 2018)</ref>, but phytoplasmas were underrepresented in this dataset.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In 2007, the first extensive phylogenetic investigation to include a large sample of phytoplasma groups, other Mollicutes and Gram-positive bacteria showed that Mollicutes includes two main subclades: one comprising 46 phytoplasma strains and two Acholeplasma species, and the second including 14 representative Mollicutes from the other orders <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">(Martini et al., 2007)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The most recent phylogeny of phytoplasmas, based on 16S and including 145 taxa and two species of Acholeplasma, provided further insights, suggesting that each phylogenetically distinct subgroup is equivalent to a putative species in the provisional ""Ca. Phytoplasma"" genus","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Harrison et al., 2015)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Tenericutes bacteria have evolved a broad range of lifestyles, including free-living, commensalism and parasitism <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b63"">(Razin, 2006;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b65"">Rivera-Tapia et al., 2002;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b76"">Tully, 1996)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Most of the well-known species are associated with humans or other vertebrates and are commensals inhabiting different organs.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Some are suspected to be associated with diseases, whereas others are proven pathogens causing important diseases to animals (mycoplasmas) or plants (phytoplasmas and three species of Spiroplasma).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,51,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Harrison NA, Gundersen-Rindal D, Davis RE, May M, Brown DR. Candidatus Phytoplasma. In: Bergey&apos;s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria [Internet]. American Cancer Society; 2015. p. 1-38. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118960608.gbm01259.pub2</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.5"" xml:id=""_Wtbd5vv"">Bactericera cockerelli</head>","The life cycle of B. cockerelli is highly dependent on temperature and can be completed in 21 to 35 d, with an optimum at 27 °C; however, oviposition, hatching, and survival are inhibited at temperatures higher than 35 °C <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b77"">(List 1939</ref>; Abdullah 2008; <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b163"">Yang &amp; Liu 2009;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b164"">Yang et al. 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">Butler &amp; Trumble 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Interestingly, both adults and nymphs are cold tolerant <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b58"">(Henne et al. 2010)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"CaLsol is especially important in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in which it causes a disease called ""Zebra chip"" (ZC) in the USA, Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and New Zealand <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">(Abad et al. 2009</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b107"">, Nelson et al. 2011</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b99"">, Munyaneza 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Bactericera cockerelli was associated with zebra chip disease in potato in 2007,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b101"">(Munyaneza et al. 2007</ref>",") and later with CaLsol in 2009 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b134"">(Secor et al. 2009</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"The zebra chip disease is caused by the haplotypes A and B, whereas the rest of the haplotypes (C, D, E, and H) of the bacterium cause diseases in Apiaceae.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Recently, haplotypes G and F have been found in Solanaceae in the USA <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b86"">(Mauck et al. 2019;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b143"">Swisher Grimm &amp; Garczynski 2019)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The zebra chip disease in potato is characterized by collapsed stolons, aerial tubers, upward rolling of leaflets, purple or yellow discoloration, leaf scorch and early senescence; also, dark and stripped pattern is clearly visible in infected raw tubers and in fried chips <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b99"">(Munyaneza 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_insect_disease_plant,Y | ambiguous,neutral,2,38,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Munyaneza, J. E., Crosslin, J. M., &amp; Upton, J. E. (2007). Association of Bactericera cockerelli (Homoptera: Psyllidae) with &quot;zebra chip,&quot; a new potato disease in southwestern United States and Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(3), 656-663. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[656:AOBCHP]2. 0.CO;2</note>"
2001_Carraro_Pear Decline Cacopsylla pyri.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,The 'life cycle' of pear decline phytoplasma in the vector Cacopsylla pyri,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_u6dtyWS"">INTRODUCTION</head>","Recently, PD has also been detected in southern Italy, in areas previously considered free from the disease <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Marcone et al., 1996)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Although the aetiology of PD has been established, some problems concerning the epidemiology remain.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">Jensen et al. (1964)</ref> showed that pear psylla (Psylla pyricola Förster, now Cacopsylla pyricola Förster) transmits 'a virus' capable of causing PD disease.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"More recently transmission of the PD agent by C. pyricola in England type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Davies et al., 1992)</ref> and by C. pyri L. in France type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Lemoine, 1991)</ref> and Italy","<ref type=""bibr"">(Carraro et al., 1998a)</ref>",", has been reported.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"Some aspects of the epidemiology were also studied in England using the vector C. pyricola <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Davies et al., 1998)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These authors detected PD phytoplasma in vectors collected in PD-affected orchards, over an entire year.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In Italy, C. pyri is the predominant psyllid in pear orchards, but the relationship between this vector and the PD phytoplasma has yet to be clarified.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_vector,Y | factual,neutral,3,16,"Carraro L., Loi N., Ermacora P., Gregoris A., Osler R., 1998a. Transmission of pear decline by using naturally in- fected Cacopsylla pyri. Acta Horticulturae 472: 665-668."
2020_Cao_A timetree for phytoplasmas Mollicutes with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification .grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,A timetree for phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""1."" xml:id=""_cQffZXp"">Introduction</head>","In 2007, the first extensive phylogenetic investigation to include a large sample of phytoplasma groups, other Mollicutes and Gram-positive bacteria showed that Mollicutes includes two main subclades: one comprising 46 phytoplasma strains and two Acholeplasma species, and the second including 14 representative Mollicutes from the other orders <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">(Martini et al., 2007)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The most recent phylogeny of phytoplasmas, based on 16S and including 145 taxa and two species of Acholeplasma, provided further insights, suggesting that each phylogenetically distinct subgroup is equivalent to a putative species in the provisional ""Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Phytoplasma"" genus <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Harrison et al., 2015)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Tenericutes bacteria have evolved a broad range of lifestyles, including free-living, commensalism and parasitism","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b63"">(Razin, 2006;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b65"">Rivera-Tapia et al., 2002;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b76"">Tully, 1996)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Most of the well-known species are associated with humans or other vertebrates and are commensals inhabiting different organs.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Some are suspected to be associated with diseases, whereas others are proven pathogens causing important diseases to animals (mycoplasmas) or plants (phytoplasmas and three species of Spiroplasma).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Some free-living species are associated with inert substrates (e.g.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | behaviour_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,3,51,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Razin S. The Genus Mycoplasma and Related Genera (Class Mollicutes). In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer K-H, Stackebrandt E, editors. The Prokaryotes [Internet]. New York, NY: Springer US; 2006. p. 836-904. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/0-387- 30744-3_29</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.7.3"" xml:id=""_2RVJuqe"">Bactericera nigricornis</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Bactericera nigricornis belong to the B. nigricornis group (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_2"">2C</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"It has been reported as a polyphagous species able to feed on wild species belonging to the families Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Liliaceae, Papaveraceae, and Solanaceae type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">(Hodkinson et al. 1981;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b147"">Teresani et al. 2015;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b115"">Othmen et al. 2019;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">Antolínez et al. 2019)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The level of polyphagy in this group is exceptional among Psylloidea, which are usually host-specific <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b59"">(Hodkinson 1974)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Bactericera nigricornis is present in many countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b118"">(Ouvrard et al. 2020)</ref> but little is known about its biology and dispersal ability, although it has been reported overwintering on conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(Cermák et al. 2008)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Further research on the life cycle of this species in Apiaceae crops is needed to identify its overwintering hosts and migration habits from wild host species under Mediterranean conditions.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | behaviour_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,4,10,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Teresani, G. R., Bertolini, E., Alfaro-Fernández, A., Martínez, C., Tanaka, F. A. O., Kitajima, E. W., … Font, M. I. (2014). Association of &quot;Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum&quot; with a vegetative disorder of celery in Spain and development of a real- time PCR method for its detection. Phytopathology, 104(8), 804-811. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-13-0182-R Teresani, G., Hernández, E., Bertolini, E., Siverio, F., Marroquín, C., Molina, J., … Cambra, M. (2015). Search for potential vec- tors of &quot;Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum&quot;: Population dynamics in host crops. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(1), e1002. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015131- 6551</note>"
2008_Ploaie_Mycoplasma Phytoplasma Detectionin Pear with Pear Decline.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"Mycoplasma (Phytoplasma) detection in pear with pear decline, test plants and psyllids in Romania using dot blot immunoassay method",NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_kFCr7VV"">INTRODUCTION</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Pear decline (PD) has been reported from Europe, North America and Australia and is considered one of the most dangerous diseases of pear trees.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The disease was first described as ""moria"" in Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Refatti, 1948)</ref> and later on in North America as virus disease <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Jensen et al., 1964)</ref> transmitted by pear psylla (Psylla pyricola Förster) denominated nowadays Cacopsylla pyricola.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"After 1970, mycoplasmalike bodies were detected in sieve tubes of pear trees affected with pear decline type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">(Hibino and Schneider, 1970)</ref> and in the pear psylla vector of pear decline","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Hibino et al.,1971)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"More recently transmission of the PD agent by C. pyricola was demonstrated in England and PD phytoplasma was detected in vectors collected in PD-affected orchards <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(Davies et al., 1998;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">Kucerová, 2007)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Investigations developed in Europe have showed that PD is transmitted by a new vector, Cacopsylla pyri, in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Lemoine, 1991)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"">(Carraro et al., 1998;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b2"">2001)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Phytoplasma associated with PD disease was detected also in Germany <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">(Lorenz et al., 1995</ref><ref type=""bibr"">), Spain (Garcia-Chapa, 2003)</ref>, Hungary ( <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Süle et al., 2007)</ref> and in Southern Australia <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Schneider and Gibb, 1997)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_insect_disease_pathogen,Y | ambiguous,neutral,2,18,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Hibino, H., Kaloostian, H.G., Schneider, H. 1971. Mycoplasma-like bodies in the pear psylla vector of pear decline. Virology. 43: 34-40.</note>"
2020_Cho_pear psyllid barcoding.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"DNA barcoding of pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae), a tale of continued misidentifications","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1017/S0007485320000012</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_agrBuFF"">A total</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Chinese and Taiwanese Cacopsylla chinensis sequences type=""bibr"" target=""#b67"">(Lee et al., 2007</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b68"">(Lee et al., , 2008) )</ref>",together form well-supported clusters in the NJ trees based on COI-tRNA leu -COII and 16S rDNA gene fragments (fig.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_2"">2</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The sequences of COI-tRNA leu -COII and 16S The mean intraspecific K2P distance is 0.1% in COI 658 bp (range 0-5.9%), 0.7% in COI 403 bp (range 0-5.5%), 1% in COI-tRNA leu -COII (range 0-5.9%) and 0.6% in 16S rDNA (range 0-3.8%), with a maximum observed value of 5.9% for C. maculatili (fig.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_4"">3</ref>, table <ref type=""table"">3</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,2,2,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Lee HC, Yang MM and Yeh WB (2008) Identification of two invasive Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) lineages based on two mito- chondrial sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphism of cytochrome oxidase I amplicon. Journal of Economic Entomology 101, 1152-1157.</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_4YGgbPm"">Phytohormones are affected in apple and peach but not in pear</head>","In contrast, the JA pathway is induced in response to wounding, herbivore attack and necrotrophic pathogens <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b63"">[64]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The development of different pathways in reaction to different threads enables plants to respond more specifically and is therefore more resource-efficient.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"An antagonistic crosstalk between JA/ABA and SA was detected in several plant species <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">[25,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b64"">65]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Not surprisingly, some bacteria species utilize SA hydroxylase for a degradation of SA to catechol to suppress an adequate plant defence reaction","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b65"">[66]</ref>","or evolved the production of effector proteins that interfere with SA regulated defence responses by activating JA pathway <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b66"">[67]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,This mechanism was also detected for phytoplasmas in Aster yellows-witches' broom phytoplasma (AY-WB).,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"AY-WB produces the SAP11 effector that down-regulates the plant defence response by reducing lipoxygenase2 expression and JA production <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b67"">[68]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"This down-regulation of defence mechanisms in AY-WB infected plants is advantageous to vector fitness <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b67"">[68]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,20,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Li J, Pang Z, Trivedi P, Zhou X, Ying X, Jia H, et al. &apos;Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus&apos; encodes a func- tional salicylic acid (SA) hydroxylase that degrades SA to suppress plant defenses. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2017; 30, 620-630. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-12-16-0257-R PMID: 28488467</note>"
"2013_Liang_mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Fine structure and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1016/j.asd.2013.08.002</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""4."" xml:id=""_eVBdmEb"">Discussion</head>",This is the first illustration of the mouthparts of C. chinensis in detail using scanning and transmission electron microscopy.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The modified piercingesucking mouthparts of C. chinensis play an important role in host location and feeding.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"When feeding, it cuts into the tissues of host plants in order to suck sap, thereby injuring the leaves and stems of its host plants.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The adult mouthpart morphology of C. chinensis is generally similar to that of other sternorrhynchan species described previously type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Pollard, 1973;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">Tavella and Arzone, 1993;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">Boyd, 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Wiesenborn, 2004;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">Rani and Madhavendra, 2005</ref>; Anderson et al., <ref type=""bibr"">2006;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>, consisting of a three-segmented labium which lies between the prothoracic coxae of the first and second pair of legs with a deep groove in the anterior side, a moderate number of sensilla, a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets which are conjoined together forming a food canal (Fc) and a salivary canal (Sc), and a triangular labrum.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The gross mouthpart morphology of C. chinensis is also very similar to that of the psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref> and Cacopsylla mali Schmidberger <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">(Grove, 1919;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard, 1970)</ref>, but not identical.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The stylet fascicle of C. chinensis comprises a pair of mandibular stylets located externally which house a pair of maxillary stylets, as observed in aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, , 1977;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Pollard, 1973)</ref> and other psyllids, including C. mali <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">(Grove, 1919;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard, 1970)</ref>, C. pyricola <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Ullman and McLean, 1986)</ref> and D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The stylet fascicle proximal to the labium forms a large loop within a membranous crumena (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_0"">2B</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect-morphology,not_in_citation,neutral,8,19,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Rosell, R.C., Lichty, J.E., Brown, J.K., 1995. Ultrastructure of the mouthparts of adult sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 24, 297e306.</note>"
2017_Cho_Systematics of the east Palaearctic 1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Systematics of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) with particular focus on the Japanese and Korean fauna,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.4</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_SXwg832"">Discussion and conclusions</head>",It is a common pest in pear orchards in Japan (H.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Inoue, pers.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,obs.) but not in Korea.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The records of Psylla/Cacopsylla pyricola, the other west Palaearctic species reported from Korea, concern two species: that by type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">Kwon (1983)</ref> C. maculatili and those by","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Kim et al. (2000</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Kim et al. ( , 2007))</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Kang et al. (2012)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b61"">Park et al. (2013)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b62"">Park et al. (2016)</ref> C. jukyungi.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The records of Psylla/Cacopsylla pyricola from Japan and the Russian Far East are also likely misidentifications but without examination of relevant material their identity remains uncertain.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Both C. jukyungi and C. maculatili are polyvoltine with seasonal dimorphism, a fact which was overlooked up to now.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,C. cinereosignata is the winter form of C. jukyungi and C. qiuzili the summer form of C. maculatili.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_vector,not_in_citation,neutral,6,35,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Kim, D.S., Cho, M.R., Jeon, H.Y., Yiem, M.S. &amp; Lee, J.H. (2000) Population trends and temperature-dependent development of Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 39 (2), 73-82.</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_zRAccny"">Introduction</head>","Nation-wide surveys for the presence of ESFY disease have only been conducted in stone fruit growing areas, e.g. in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998</ref><ref type=""bibr"">), Turkey (Ulubaş Serçe et al. 2006)</ref>, Spain <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">(Sabaté et al. 2015)</ref> or Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>, and confirmed a wide-spread presence of ESFY in orchards of susceptible species like apricots, Japanese plum and peach.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"During a survey between <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">2000</ref><ref type=""bibr"">and 2006</ref><ref type=""bibr"">, Jarausch et al. (2007b) )</ref> could show that 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum' as well as its vector, C. pruni, were present on all cultivated Prunus species in several stone fruit growing regions in Southwestern Germany.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The role of wild Prunus for the spread of ESFY was first studied by,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Carraro et al. (2002)</ref>",in the heavily ESFY-infected region Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Northeast Italy.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,They found 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,P. prunorum' as well as C. pruni in P. spinosa and P. cerasifera also at sites far from stone-fruit orchards and concluded that the cycle of ESFY can be completed independently from the presence of ESFY-infected cultivated stone-fruit trees.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These results were confirmed by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> in a case study in Southeastern France who detected 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_disease | location_plant,not_in_citation,neutral,1,49,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Carraro, L., Ferrini, F., Ermacora, P., &amp; Loi, N. (2002). Role of wild Prunus species in the epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows. Plant Pathology, 51, 513-517.</note>"
2011_Liu_Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_nHMjazE"">INTRODUCTION</head>",The new leaves remain small and pale throughout the following spring.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Symptom severity ranges from mild or slow wilting to quick wilting or death, depending on the weather conditions.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The symptoms associated with PDTW resemble those of pear declines caused by phytoplasma elsewhere <ref type=""bibr"">(Liu et al., 2007a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Since phytoplasmas are non-culturable, PCR amplification of ribosomal RNA genes and the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) have become the conventional means of detecting and identifying them type=""bibr"" target=""#b2"">(Bosco et al., 2002;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Davies et al., 1995;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">Seemüller et al., 1998;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">Smart et al., 1996)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Sequences of 16S rDNA have been used to classify various phytoplasmas into groups of phylogenetic systems <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Lee et al., 2007)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Taxonomically, the phytoplasmas that Botanical Studies (2011) 52: 313-320.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,* Corresponding author: E-mail: cplin@ntu.edu.tw,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,4,21,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Smart, C.D., B. Schneider, C.L. Blomquist, L.J. Guerra, N.A. Harrison, U. Ahrens, K.H. Lorenz, E. Seemüller, and B.C. Kirkpatrick. 1996. Phytoplasma-specific PCR primers based on sequences of the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 2988-2993.</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_2tYpbFD"">Introduction</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The fruit tree diseases apple proliferation (AP), pear decline (PD) and European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), are of high economic significance, causing annual crop losses of around half a billion Euro in Europe, alone","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">[1,</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">2]</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Intra-and interspecific differences in the response of fruit trees to these phytoplasma diseases have been observed over the last decades under both experimental and natural infection conditions <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b2"">[3,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">4]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Intraspecific differences have been explained by varying susceptibility of tree species and genotypes (rootstocks and cultivars) to phytoplasmas as well as virulence of phytoplasma strains <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">[5]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">[6]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">[7]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">[8]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">[9]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, only few studies provide firm data on host response, host-pathogen interaction and on anatomical, physiological and molecular basis of plant resistance <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">[10]</ref>, which is still poorly understood <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">[4]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | disease_impact,not_in_citation,neutral,2,50,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Eurostat Jahrbuch der Regionen. Amt fu ¨r Vero ¨ffentlichungen der Europa ¨ischen Union. 2009; ISBN 978-92-79-11695-7.</note>"
2020_Cho_pear psyllid barcoding.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"DNA barcoding of pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae), a tale of continued misidentifications","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1017/S0007485320000012</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_CGd6qD3"">Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For the aligned data set, phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbour-joining (NJ) algorithm with bootstrap support analysis (1000 replicates) in MEGA 6 based on a Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) model.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"This has been the most widely used method for DNA barcoding analyses (e.g. <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b94"">Yeh et al., 1997;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b82"">Shin et al., 2013;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">Gwiazdowski et al., 2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b92"">Wu et al., 2016;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">Amouroux et al., 2017;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b56"">Kanturski et al., 2018;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b86"">Song et al., 2018)</ref>, including previous studies on pear psyllids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b68"">(Lee et al., 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b55"">Kang et al., 2012;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">Katoh et al., 2013</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b61"">Katoh et al., , 2014;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">Chen et al., 2018)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"To compare our results with those papers, we preferred to use the same methodology despite some potential limitations, such as a poor fit of the K2P model at the species level","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b88"">(Srivathsan and Meier, 2012;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">Collins et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Eleven pear psyllid species of the genus Cacopsylla (Psyllidae: Psyllinae) were included into the analyses and two Acizzia species (Psyllidae: Acizzinae) were used as outgroups (table <ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_0"">1</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Pairwise distances were also computed using MEGA 6 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b89"">(Tamura et al., 2013)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_0"">1</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,weakness,identification_insect | phylogeny_insect,not_in_citation,negative,2,23,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Srivathsan A and Meier R (2012) On the inappropriate use of Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) divergences in the DNA-barcoding literature. Cladistics 28, 190-194.</note>"
2020_Tsai_Invasive and Quarantine Risks of Cacopsylla chinensis .grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Invasive and Quarantine Risks of Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in East Asia: Hybridization or Gene Flow Between Differentiated Lineages,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1093/jee/toaa189</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_2rRFUbp"">Gene Flow or Hybridization Among Closely Related Pear Psyllids</head>","Although prezygotic barriers may hinder interspecific mating, cases of hybridization are still not scarce.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Potential interspecific hybridization experiments performed between the two invasive termite species, Coptotermes formosanus and Coptotermes gestroi, in the United States have indicated that hybrids may be more active in tropical areas than in temperate regions <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">(Su et al. 2017</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">, Patel et al. 2019</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Heterosis has also been proposed in two invasive fire ant species, Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri, in which the hybrid offspring outcompeted several native ant species and exhibited lower temperature tolerance than both parent species <ref type=""bibr"">(James et al. 2002, Gibbons and</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">Simberloff 2005)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In psyllids, the acoustic signals transmitted through different host plants and the related structural properties, as well as morphological variations of the genitalia, are the major characteristics for the possible prereproductive isolation factors in speciation type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Liao et al. 2016</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Liao et al. , 2019))</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In the case of C. chinensis and C. jukyungi, the transplantation and grafting of pear scions would increase the possibility of sympatric distribution in a pear tree.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The potential for hybridization requires further study, particularly when the interspecific variations in genital characteristics are minute <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">(Cho et al. 2017</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Cho et al. , 2020))</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Thus, it is essential to understand their present differentiation status and hybridization possibility, more genetic markers and samples from the overlapping distribution areas need to be evaluated.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect-behaviour,not_in_citation,neutral,2,13,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Liao, Y. C., Z. Z. Wu, and M. M. Yang. 2019. Vibrational behavior of psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea): functional morphology and mechanisms. PLoS One 14: e0215196.</note>"
1998_Carraro_Transmission of Pear Decline by using naturally infected Cacopsylla pyri_OCR.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,THE ‘LIFE CYCLE’ OF PEAR DECLINE PHYTOPLASMA IN THE VECTOR CACOPSYLLA PYRI,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head n=""2.3."" xml:id=""_2gxEu8c"">Testing for the presence of phytoplasmas in test plants and in psyllids</head>",Root sampi es were avoided in order not to damage the plants and because the root growth was poorly developed under pot growth conditions.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For DNA extraction, central veins of leaves were used; a modification of the phytoplasma emichment procedure developed by Kirckpatrick was adopted <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Malisano et al., 1996)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In 1995, groups of 50 individuals of C. pyri were collected from the same infected orchard in July, August and September, respectively, and were then analyzed by PCR.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For the analysis, the two different pairs of ribosomal primers used were: fPD/r0 1","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Lorenz et al., 1995)</ref>","and AP3/ AP5 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b2"">(Firrao et al., 1994)</ref> respectively.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The DNA extraction from insects was according to Doyle and Doyle's procedure (1990).,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,identification_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,2,3,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Lorenz K.H., Scneider B., Ahrens U., and Seemüller E., 1995. Detection of apple proliferation and pear decline phytoplasmas by PCR amplification of ribosomal and nomibosomal DNA. Phytopathol. 85: 771-776.</note>"
2020_Cao_A timetree for phytoplasmas Mollicutes with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification .grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,A timetree for phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""3.1."" xml:id=""_WFREVyF"">Phylogenetic analysis</head>","16SrI, 16SrII, 16SrIII, 16SrIV and 16SrVI were recovered as well-supported monophyletic groups, probably due to the limited sample coverage.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Group 16SrXVIII was nested within 16SrXII as in the 16S tree.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Group 16SrV was also recovered as a monophyletic lineage but with moderate support (bootstrap value 72).,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Subgroups 16SrV-A, -C, -D and -E formed a sister group to 16SrV-B (or 16SrV-B + 16SrV-F in 16S tree), which was previously reported as the most divergent lineage with respect to the other groups","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Arnaud et al., 2007;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">Jung et al., 2003)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The positions of 16SrV-A and 16SrV-E were different in the two ML trees.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"16SrV-C and -D, including FDp and FD-rp strains, were consistently recovered as closely related subgroups (clade in the gray box, Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_2"">S1</ref>), and three main clusters (A, B and C in Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_2"">S1</ref>) were detected.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The first two clusters (A and B) include FDp in subgroup 16SrV-C and FD-rp strains, whereas the third one (cluster C) includes a well-supported monophyletic lineage of strains belonging to the 16SrV-D subgroup (bootstrap value 98) sister to SI04-S4 strain, and siblings to the FD-rp strains ALY + PGY-B.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,17,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Arnaud G, Malembic-Maher S, Salar P, Bonnet P, Maixner M, Marcone C, et al. Multilocus Sequence Typing Confirms the Close Genetic Interrelatedness of Three Distinct Flavescence Doree Phytoplasma Strain Clusters and Group 16SrV Phytoplasmas Infecting Grapevine and Alder in Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007; 73(12): 4001-10.</note>"
2017_Cho_Systematics of the east Palaearctic 1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Systematics of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) with particular focus on the Japanese and Korean fauna,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.4</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_4Pt4PrF"">Systematics</head>","Paramere clavate, broad (Fig. <ref type=""figure"">19</ref>), longer than distal portion of aedeagus.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Tip of aedeagus hook-shaped (Fig. <ref type=""figure"">20</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Female proctiger longer than 0.8 mm; long setae in apical third arranged in longitudinal rows, peg setae covering more than apical third (Fig. <ref type=""figure"">18</ref> Outer circumanal ring angular laterally, slightly zigzaggy, consisting of a single row of irregularly shaped pores; hind margin of circumanal ring widely separated from hind margin of abdomen by more than half its length (Fig. <ref type=""figure"">63</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Lateral margin of forewing pad with 4-7 medium long, distinctly capitate setae (Fig. type=""figure"">62</ref> type=""bibr"">(9)</ref> type=""bibr"">(10)</ref> type=""bibr"">(15)</ref> type=""bibr"">(16)</ref> type=""bibr"">(17)</ref> type=""bibr"">(18)</ref> type=""bibr"">(19)</ref> type=""bibr"">(20)</ref> type=""bibr"">(21)</ref> type=""bibr"">23,</ref> type=""bibr"">25,</ref> type=""bibr"">27,</ref> type=""bibr"">29,</ref> type=""bibr"">31)</ref> Psylla pyrisuga sensu type=""bibr"">Kuwayama, 1908: 165;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">Shinji, 1944: 448;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">Sasaki, 1954: 35;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Miyatake, 1964</ref><ref type=""bibr"">: 27, nec Foerster, 1848:</ref> Diagnosis.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Adult.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Genal processes thickset (Fig. <ref type=""figure"">15</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Forewing oblong-oval (Fig. <ref type=""figure"">16</ref>); veins dark, strongly contrasting with light membrane; apex of clavus lacking dark patch; surface spinules present in all cells, leaving broad spinule-free stripes along veins.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect-morphology,not_in_citation,neutral,19,80,"Shinji, O. (1944) Chuei to chuei-konchu [Galls and Gall Making Insects]. Shunyôdo, Tokyo (Japan). pp. 440-456."
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.7"" xml:id=""_R2Kteh6"">Trioza apicalis, Bactericera trigonica, and other vectors of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in Apiaceae Candidatus</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Liberibacter solanacearum also affects plants from the family Apiaceae such as celery (Apium graveolens L.) and carrot in Europe, Africa and the Middle East type=""bibr"">(Munyaneza et al. 2010a;</ref> type=""bibr"">2015;</ref> type=""bibr"">Alfaro-Fernández et al. 2012a;</ref> type=""bibr"">2012b;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b79"">Loiseau et al. 2014;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b144"">Tahzima et al. 2014;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b147"">Teresani et al. 2014)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Symptoms of CaLsol in carrot and celery include abnormal proliferation of shoots, stem curling, as well as purple or yellow discoloration and root size reduction.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In recent years, CaLsol has caused severe economic losses to the fresh carrot market in Norway, Finland, Germany and Spain <ref type=""bibr"">(Munyaneza et al. 2010a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b147"">Teresani et al. 2014;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Bertolini et al. 2015)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Four different haplotypes of CaLsol (C, D, E, and H) have been found to infect Apiaceous crops in Europe.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,7,21,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Tahzima, R., Maes, M., Achbani, E. H., Swisher, K. D., Munyaneza, J. E., &amp; Jonghe, K. (2014). First report of &quot;Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum&quot; on carrot in Africa. Plant Disease, 98(10), 1426-1426. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0509- PDN</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_4YGgbPm"">Phytohormones are affected in apple and peach but not in pear</head>","Additionally, the infection of Citrus trees with the phloem dwelling proteobacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus induced the SA-pathway <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b71"">[72]</ref> and resulted in an increased emission of methyl salicylate from infected plants <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b72"">[73]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Auxins (IAA and IBA) were shown to induce the recovery of periwinkle plants from 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,P. pruni' and 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,P. asteris' infections,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b73"">[74]</ref>",", illustrating the importance of IAA in plant-pathogen interactions.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Interestingly, the IAA concentration in infected P. persica plants was significantly lowered compared to healthy peach trees.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,A reduced auxin content was also detected in leaves of lime infected with 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. aurantifoliae' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b74"">[75]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,20,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Curković Perica M. Auxin-treatment induces recovery of phytoplasma-infected periwinkle. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2008; 105, 1826-1834. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03946.x PMID: 19120631</note>"
2022_Riedle-Bauer_Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Vector transmission and epidemiology of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in Austria and identification of Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/s41348-021-00526-y</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_g3TV49u"">Introduction</head>","Slow decline generally becomes noticeable in late summer or autumn when affected trees show premature leaf reddening, leaf rolling and early leaf fall.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Further disease symptoms may vary in severity.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Generally, infected trees are characterised by fewer, smaller and leathery leaves, reduced terminal growth, diminished fertility and fruit size and eventually, death of trees.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"A necrotic phloem ring at the graft union may develop type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(EPPO 2019;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">Seemüller et al. 1984a, b)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In Austria, pear decline is widespread <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Steffek et al. 2011</ref>) and causes severe losses in intensive as well as extensive pear orchards.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The main cultivar in intensive pear cultivation in Austria is cv.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Williams' (around 40% of the total production, Statistics Austria 2019), a cultivar considered as very susceptible to pear decline <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(EPPO 2019)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,41,"Seemüller E, Kunze L, Schaper U (1984a) Colonization behavior of MLO, and symptom expression of proliferation-diseased apple trees and decline-diseased pear trees over a period of several years. Zeitschrift Für Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz 91:525-532"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_Tyy9CYw"">Phytoplasma infections affect the vascular morphology of apple trees more than peach and pear trees</head>","In theory, the Prunus SEs have a higher flow resistance because of their shortness and increasing number of sieve plates, which might be balanced with a higher amount of CCs per SEs.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The CCs guarantee the physiological function of the SEs and a rise of CCs per SEs might enable the Prunus species to establish higher pressures, higher viability or turnover.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In particular, the P. communis/ 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. pyri´-system is of high scientific interest, as disease severity shows huge variance from mild symptoms, such as premature foliar reddening, to severe growth depression and the quick decline of infected trees","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">[9]</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The physiological phloem parameters in pear and peach are more affected than in apple,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"All observed results regarding the particular morphological (Figs <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_0"">1</ref><ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_1"">2</ref><ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_2"">3</ref><ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4</ref>) and functional measurements (Fig <ref type=""figure"">5</ref>) illustrate well the consequences of a phytoplasma infection for a plant.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, depending on the individual host-pathogen system, they are heterogeneous between the systems and specific within.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,29,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Seemu ¨ller E, Schaper U, Kunze L. Effect of pear decline on pear trees on &apos;Quince A&apos; and Pyrus commu- nis seedling rootstocks/Auswirkung des Birnenverfalls auf Birnba ¨ume mit &apos;Quitte A&apos; und Birnensa ¨mling als Unterlage. Zeitschrift fu ¨r Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz/J. Plant Dis. Prot. 1986; 93, 44- 50.</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_zRAccny"">Introduction</head>","In summer, leaf yellowing or reddening in combination with leaf roll is the common symptom <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(Marcone et al. 2011</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These symptoms are highly correlated with the presence of the phytoplasma as detected by molecular means <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">Jarausch et al. 2008)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Infected trees may also show less specific symptoms like leaf deformation, reduced terminal growth, die-back and decline.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,ESFY is known to occur in most southern and central European countries,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Cieślińska 2011;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">Marcone et al. 2010</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">Marcone et al. , 2011) )</ref> but it has also been detected in Asia Minor <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">(Jarausch et al. 2000;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">Sertkaya et al. 2005;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Tedeschi et al. 2013;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">Allahverdi et al. 2014;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b53"">Valasevich and Schneider 2016)</ref> as well as in northern Africa <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b2"">(Ben Khalifa et al. 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Its highest spread is in the Mediterranean basin while its northern border ranges from England <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Davies and Adams 2000)</ref> via Germany <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b)</ref> to Poland <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">(Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In Germany, the first detection of the agent in different Prunus species has already been reported in 1992 by <ref type=""bibr"">Lederer and Seemüller. Carraro et al. (1998)</ref> identified the psyllid species Cacopsylla pruni (Scopoli) as vector for 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum' in Italy and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Jarausch et al. (2001)</ref> confirmed the vector capacity of this psyllid species in France.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_disease,not_in_citation,neutral,9,49,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Cieślińska, M. (2011). European stone fruit yellows disease and its causal agent &apos;Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum&apos;. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 51(4), 441-447.</note>"
2002_Blomquist_Frequency and Seasonal Distribution of Pear Psylla Infected with the Pear Decline Phytoplasma in California Pear Orchards copie.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Frequency and seasonal distribution of pear psylla infected with the pear decline phytoplasma in California pear orchards,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_HPZgx5d"">Locations and properties of pear orchards used in this study.</head>","Hybridization analyses with a PD-specific chromosomal probe, pCPD-M10.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CPD-M10 is a cloned 1.6-kb,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,fragment of the PD chromosome.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,It contains three open reading frames that share homology and gene order with putative sugar transport genes in Mycoplasma genitalium,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(13)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"CPD-M10 was amplified by PCR with primers fCPD and rCPD <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(13,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">21)</ref> from PD-infected pear DNA, and cloned with the TOPO TA Cloning System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"pCPD-M10 was digested with EcoRI to release CPD-M10, and the fragment was gel-purified (Prep-A-Gene; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The purified CPD-M10 DNA was quantified with a minifluorometer (TKO 100; Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) before being used as a standard in dot blot analysis or as a hybridization probe.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,13,"<note type=""report_type"">Ph.D. thesis</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.1.2"" xml:id=""_D8NuPqf"">Biology</head>","In the citrus orchards of São Paulo state, Brazil, it was observed that the D. citri female lays an average of 8.3 eggs per flush shoot <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b122"">(Paiva &amp; Parra 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Eggs hatch within 2.6 to 9.7 d, the duration of the nymphal stage varies from 9.4 to 39.6 d, and the biological cycle (egg to adult) varies from 12.1 to 49.3 d at temperatures from 15 to 32 °C <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b106"">(Nava et al. 2007)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Egg viability ranges from 81.6 to 96.2 % at 15-32 °C <ref type=""bibr"">(Liu &amp; Tsai 2000;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b106"">Nava et al. 2007)</ref>; nymph viability ranges from 70 to 77.5 % at 18-30 °C; however, it is dramatically reduced (only 7 %) at a constant temperature of 32 °C <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b106"">(Nava et al. 2007)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"At 15 to 33 °C, female longevity varies from 88.3 to 28.7 d and is 38 % higher than male longevity type=""bibr"">(Liu &amp; Tsai 2000;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b106"">Nava et al. 2007)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Overall, the optimum temperature range for population growth of D. citri is between 25 °C and 28 °C <ref type=""bibr"">(Liu &amp; Tsai 2000)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"This psyllid is well-adapted to humid and warm weather, but it may survive in cold, including freezing temperatures <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b56"">(Hall et al. 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In part, this fact explains why D. citri is currently present in most continents, with the exception of Europe (CABI 2020).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,life-cycle_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,2,16,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Nava, D. E., Torres, G. M. L., Rodrigues, M. D. L., Bento, J. M. S., &amp; Parra, J. R. P. (2007). Biology of Diaphorina citri (Hem., Psyllidae) on different host and at different temperatures. Journal of Applied Entomology, 131(9-10), 709-715. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01230.x</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_6P577ta"">Discussion</head><p xml:id=""_NNdVJsz""><s xml:id=""_D4vu2CR"">European stone fruit yellows is a quarantine disease which is regulated in Europe and other countries.</s><s xml:id=""_Sx3twzu"">It is reported from 11 EU and six non-EU countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Rf7PRm8"">None of these countries declares the disease to be 'widespread' probably because country-wide monitorings are missing.</s><s xml:id=""_CCSRePk"">ESFY was first described in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">(Chabrolin 1924</ref>) and a survey in France with molecular means showed that it was found in all areas tested <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_9fnzRDZ"">ESFY is well studied in southern countries with important apricot and peach growing where it causes large economic losses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>, however, its distribution in northern countries with only local apricot growing areas is largely unknown.</s><s xml:id=""_ZTaee5s"">Germany is considered to be at the Northern border of ESFY distribution <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_qNuJ4b5"">Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study with regard to the quarantine status of ESFY the nationwide distribution in Germany, in particular if ESFY-free regions exist in Germany or whether the disease is endemic.</s></p><p xml:id=""_pDxYjpE""><s xml:id=""_Hfn6XAk"">Although European stone fruit yellows was first described in Germany in 1992 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(Lederer and Seemüller 1992)</ref>, the distribution of this quarantine disease was largely unknown.</s><s xml:id=""_Aj4U8Rb"">We conducted first surveys since 2000 in stone fruit orchards in Southwest Germany and found high infections in apricot orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_TgnFVyp"">ESFY was also detected in peach and European plum orchards as well as in almond grown for flowering <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_WPjFNc2"">We also confirmed the presence of C. pruni in Germany and proved by transmission trials its vector capacity <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SZgVhm4"">During these surveys ESFY was detected only in one case also in wild Prunus cerasifera adjacent to stone fruit orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_AxSJYY7"">Thus, the question whether this quarantine pathogen was introduced into the orchards by latently infected planting material or by natural spread from the wild habitats remained unanswered.</s></p><p xml:id=""_qXkSVfn""><s xml:id=""_wuqdUyb"">To test for ESFY-free regions, samples were mainly obtained from non-stone fruit growing regions and wild habitats.</s><s xml:id=""_Fcnp5cJ"">As in addition cultured Prunus from orchards or planted cultivations like almonds for flowering were tested, the obtained result is a first nationwide overview of the distribution of ESFY in wild and cultured habitats.</s></p><p xml:id=""_zPRFRSf""><s xml:id=""_2v3SnR2"">Our data clearly demonstrate that ESFY is endemic in Germany.</s><s xml:id=""_BsnsbXQ"">It was not only found in major stone fruit growing regions but also in wild habitats far from any stone fruit growing.</s><s xml:id=""_HsXm7wC"">As the vector, C. pruni, is also widespread in Germany, a natural cycle of ESFY maintenance in wild Prunus is guaranteed.</s><s xml:id=""_3a9E3MX"">C. pruni is a European and Central Asian species which is known from almost all of Europe <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_tMcEhcR"">'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_b4QcrNw"">P. prunorum' might have been introduced to Europe from Asia along with the susceptible Prunus species like apricot and peach but ESFY has never been reported outside Europe apart from Asia Minor and North Africa.</s><s xml:id=""_yaRcK8B"">Our data strongly support the hypothesis that ESFY is an endemic European disease with a natural cycle including wild Prunus.</s><s xml:id=""_UCyHFc3"">As these wild autochtonous European Prunus like P. spinosa and P. cerasifera are tolerant to the disease, a coevolution between pathogen and plant host can be assumed.</s><s xml:id=""_cVW9DAU"">In Germany, the dominant and most widespread wild Prunus species is P. spinosa.</s><s xml:id=""_EmNEDUD"">This plant does not show any symptoms of ESFY <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">Jarausch et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">this work)</ref> but can be infected.</s><s xml:id=""_9YDKCVZ"">It has to be regarded as less susceptible.</s><s xml:id=""_RbaYBrs"">In addition, it is the preferred host plant of C. pruni <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999</ref>) and accordingly, we found C. pruni on every P. spinosa testedsometimes at high population densities.</s><s xml:id=""_XM67Qh6"">This is supported by data from <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Carraro et al. (2002)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> or <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Maier et al. (2013)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_SXGU8Ya""><s xml:id=""_vFKwEU9"">ESFY is widespread in wild habitats as we found in our random sampling a mean infection rate of about 14% and a nationwide distribution of infected plants.</s><s xml:id=""_Sp9N67v"">This is in the range of local infection rates of wild P. spinosa reported from other countries: 25% infections were found in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002)</ref>, 12% in Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> only between 1 and 2%.</s><s xml:id=""_cP8x9Yc"">This confirms our previous results <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a, b)</ref>, only in heavily infected apricot orchards infection rates of up to 5% were found <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_NAUfzhv"">Similar low infection rates were observed in France by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Jarausch et al. (2001)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">Thébaud et al. (2008)</ref> or in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_aMFJyGa"">By contrast, much higher infection rates were reported from Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Carraro et al. 2004)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Tenr6Pd"">Despite this low infection rate infected remigrants represent a high risk for susceptible stone fruit orchards as the univoltine species overwinters on conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Jarausch and Jarausch 2016;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">Gallinger and Gross 2018)</ref> and remigrates to Prunus in early spring <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. 2009)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DCmDNRn"">At this time the individuals are highly infectious <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Thébaud et al. 2009</ref>) and the dispersal in the orchard is more or less randomly on a regional scale <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">(Thébaud et al. 2006</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. , 2009))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_rBUgGn9"">Accordingly, we found high infection rates in susceptible stone fruits like apricot and Japanese plum confirming previous data from Southwest Germany <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008) )</ref> as well as from other countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Marcone et al. 2010</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(Marcone et al. , 2011))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_QEmbsfm"">Our nationwide data confirm also the relatively low infection rate of the highly susceptible peach <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998</ref><ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. , 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_sQE8Hgu"">A new finding for Germany is ESFY infection of sweet cherry.</s><s xml:id=""_XC2KRkn"">In general, phytoplasma decline diseases of sweet and sour cherry remain unclear as different phytoplasmas have been found to be associated <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Paltrinieri et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_2D2srDV"">An ESFY-related decline in sweet cherry was first observed in the Southwestern part of France and was called 'Molières disease' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(Bernhard et al. 1977)</ref> but turned out by molecular means to be a stolbur type <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch, personal comm.)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HVYU5TM"">However, 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_cfQ28ha"">P. prunorum' infection of sweet and sour cherry was confirmed in few declining trees in Czech Republic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Ludvíková et al. 2011</ref>) and in North-Central Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">(Paltrinieri et al. 2001)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_w3dyD6q"">In contrast, experimental inoculations of thirteen sweet cherry cultivars with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_RMWac3s"">P. prunorum' demonstrated a high level of resistance in P. avium <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Jarausch et al. 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Kc6z8EH"">We found two isolated cases of sudden decline in sweet cherry and could confirm infection with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_5aBcBRs"">P. prunorum' with ESFY-specific primers.</s><s xml:id=""_eWUrjFS"">This indicates rather a hypersensitivity to 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_M43pgVG"">P. prunorum' than a high resistance.</s><s xml:id=""_YB77Q3z""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Sauvion et al. (2007)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Peccoud et al. (2013)</ref> hypothesised the existence of two species of C. pruni based on genetic analyses.</s><s xml:id=""_Sf2udsC"">These two C. pruni types A and B can easily be distinguished by a triplex PCR.</s><s xml:id=""_tJeWW2S"">However, it remains unclear whether both types can transmit 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_CkPBKsz"">P. prunorum' as transmission trials have been conducted before the identification of the two types.</s><s xml:id=""_zCNEXv5"">In Southern France both types coexist and might have been used in transmission trials <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Peccoud et al. 2013)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_qPmte4Q"">We made an exhaustive molecular typing of the C. pruni captured all over Germany and found with one exception only C. pruni B-type.</s><s xml:id=""_879pDnB"">The exception is a recent finding of A-type next to the French border.</s><s xml:id=""_RC4WQ4R"">The A-type was for the first time found in a northern country outside of France.</s><s xml:id=""_VrkTSJp"">We therefore can conclude that our previous transmission trials have been carried out with the B-type.</s><s xml:id=""_d3eWxUW"">The B-type is also the dominant type across Europe <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Peccoud et al. 2013</ref>) and has been recently reported to be the only type found in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Etropolska et al. 2016)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_sVqpTbc""><s xml:id=""_HkwS9DU"">Also the phytoplasma is not homogenous.</s><s xml:id=""_dcYQ57a"">Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the marker genes imp, aceF, pnp and secY revealed at least 34 different haplotypes within the species 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_xEdSgPT"">P. prunorum' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Danet et al. 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_BFsXxu5"">Moreover, differences in strain virulence were described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Kison and Seemüller (2001)</ref> and others.</s><s xml:id=""_MhjGuzX""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref> and recently <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> could correlate the aceF type A6 to hypo-virulent strains which induce no or only mild symptoms in Prunus.</s><s xml:id=""_cMgc4wB"">We contributed 22 German isolates covering 5 stone fruit growing regions with 16 apricot or peach orchards to the MLST analysis of <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZGMhA2b"">Eight different haplotypes of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_eAgcaMr"">P. prunorum' were identified.</s><s xml:id=""_4NfFwYW"">The main haplotype aceF A3-pnp P1-imp I1-secY S1 was found in all regions and was identified by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> as founder haplotype of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_fseB7jN"">P. prunorum'.</s><s xml:id=""_z7DW7Ya"">The dominant aceF types in Europe (A3 and A8) were also dominant in German isolates.</s><s xml:id=""_zTyeyVS"">The major imp type I1 in Europe accounted also for 77% of the German isolates.</s><s xml:id=""_mQrXCSe"">By contrast, the two A6 types identified in the analysis originated both from symptomatic trees indicating that this marker alone is not sufficient to characterize hypo-virulent strains <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Dermastia et al. 2018)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_yzDMznZ"">We conclude that the genetic variability of the German isolates of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_h9q8UwP"">P. prunorum' has no impact on our results as it does not differ from other European regions.</s></p><p xml:id=""_nXKMUgW""><s xml:id=""_3ZWJKBK"">We believe that our results are representative for central European countries.</s><s xml:id=""_vqMGqyu"">E.g., ESFY has been reported to be widely present in Czech Republic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001)</ref> and Poland <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Cieślińska 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HGNF8yK"">There is no reason to exclude natural ESFY infections also in northern countries like Scandinavian countries where P. spinosa and C. pruni are present <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_6wkukaD"">Thus, ESFY should no longer be regarded as a quarantine pest.</s><s xml:id=""_zzUQuDU"">Our results have also important consequences for the protection of orchards planted with susceptible crops like apricot and peaches.</s><s xml:id=""_tyBQnyD"">Infection sources are not only infected trees inside the orchard but have to be looked for rather outside in the wild environment.</s><s xml:id=""_9vBURa2"">Control of incoming C. pruni remigrants in spring is therefore of paramount importance.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 1</head>","P. prunorum' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Danet et al. 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Moreover, differences in strain virulence were described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Kison and Seemüller (2001)</ref> and others.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref> and recently <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> could correlate the aceF type A6 to hypo-virulent strains which induce no or only mild symptoms in Prunus.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,We contributed 22 German isolates covering 5 stone fruit growing regions with 16 apricot or peach orchards to the MLST analysis of,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Eight different haplotypes of 'Ca. P. prunorum' were identified.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The main haplotype aceF A3-pnp P1-imp I1-secY S1 was found in all regions and was identified by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> as founder haplotype of 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,sampling_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,67,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Danet, J. L., Balakishiyeva, G., Cimerman, A., Sauvion, N., Marie-Jeanne, V., Labonne, G., Laviňa, A., Battle, A., Križanac, I., Škorić, D., Ermacora, P., Ulubaş Serçe, C., Cağlayan, K., Jarausch, W., &amp; Foissac, X. (2011). Multilocus sequence analysis reveals the genetic diversity of European fruit tree phytoplasmas and supports the exis- tence of inter-species recombination. Microbiology, 157(2), 438-450.</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.6"" xml:id=""_BzEMUqb"">Bactericera nigricornis as a new vector of</head>","Differences observed in symptom expression by different CaLsol haplotypes could be related to distinct CaLsol titres in the infected plants, potato cultivars used as recipient plant or haplotype-host interactions.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In fact, haplotype C titres in asymptomatic potato were comparable to those obtained from symptomatic plants infected with haplotypes A and B, suggesting that the downward movement of haplotype C in potato phloem is slower than that of the American haplotypes A and B <ref type=""bibr"">(Haapalainen et al. 2018)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Moreover, in the same work, attempts to transmit CaLsol (haplotype C) to potato by T. apicalis were not successful, result that could be easily explained because potato is not a host plant for T. apicalis.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"By contrast, B. nigricornis is known to be able to properly feed from the phloem and colonize potato crops type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">(Fathi et al. 2011;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">Antolínez et al. 2019)</ref>",", which facilitates the transmission of phloemrestricted pathogens.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,Further studies are needed to answer all these questions concerning the CaLsol haplotypes-psyllid species-host plant interactions and the CaLsol epidemiology.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The vector propensity of B. nigricornis from potatoto-potato plants was also assessed in an additional study.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Potato (cv.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_insect_pathogen_plant,Y | factual,neutral,2,26,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Antolínez, C. A., Moreno, A., Ontiveros, I., Pla, S., Plaza, M., Sanjuan, S., … Fereres, A. (2019). Seasonal abundance of psyl- lid species on carrots and potato crops in Spain. Insects, 10(9), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090287</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_ctcBpa9"">Plant material and phytoplasma inoculation</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"South Haven' were grown on peach seedlings cv. 'South Haven' were grown on peach seedlings cv.  'Montclar' (non-infected control, n = 4).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Additional apple, pear and peach plants were inoculated by grafting of two buds from trees infected with the respective phytoplasma.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Apple trees were infected with a virulent accession (3/6, n = 13) in 2017","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b76"">[77]</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b77"">[78]</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b78"">[79]</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"Pear trees were infected with 'Ca. P. pyri' (PD-W, n = 5) in 2012 (Table <ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_4"">5</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"This strain causes mild symptoms but no quick decline <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">[9]</ref>, peach trees were infected with 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,infection-rate,Y | factual,neutral,3,4,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Seemu ¨ller E, Kiss E, Sule S, Schneider B. Multiple infection of apple trees by distinct strains of &apos;Candi- datus Phytoplasma mali&apos; and its pathological relevance. Phytopathol. 2010; 100, 863-870. https://doi. org/10.1094/PHYTO-100-9-0863 PMID: 20701483</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_dfCx9vm"">Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama 1908)</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio 1918) CITRUS Cacopsylla citrisuga <ref type=""bibr"">(Yang &amp; Li 1984)</ref> Diaphorina communis <ref type=""bibr"">(Mathur 1975)</ref> Bactericera cockerelli <ref type=""bibr"">(Šulc 1909</ref>) SOLANACEAE Bactericera trigonica <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">(Hodkinson 1981)</ref> Trioza apicalis (Foerster 1848) APIACEAE",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"HLB is the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, due to the severity of symptoms, potential for disease progression, and susceptibility of all commercial citrus varieties","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Bové 2006)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In addition to a reduced fruit quantity and quality <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Baldwin et al. 2010)</ref>, HLB causes indirect losses due to the high costs involved in disease management <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Bové 2006;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Gottwald 2010)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Successful management of HLB depends on the knowledge of the relationships between the pathogen, the insect vectors, host plants, and the environment <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Bové 2006</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These bacteria are phloem-restricted and their natural spread depends on two psyllid species, D. citri and T. erytreae, which are the only known vector species transmitting the three bacteria species causing HLB.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | disease_impact,not_in_citation,neutral,2,10,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Bové, J. M. (2006). Huanglongbing: A destructive, newly-emerg- ing, century-old disease of citrus. Journal of Plant Pathology, 88(1), 7-37. https://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v88i1.828</note>"
"2013_Liang_mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Fine structure and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1016/j.asd.2013.08.002</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_8kBsh5T"">2012</head><p xml:id=""_mZb9GNn""><s xml:id=""_QQurUzS"">). Maxillary stylets are asymmetrical only in the internal position of longitudinal carinae and grooves, and not in their apical shape.</s><s xml:id=""_k4tmfpR"">As found by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> in their study of Diaphorina citri, we also found these grooves on the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis to form a salivary canal (Sc) and a food canal (Fc).</s><s xml:id=""_tBjGaVm"">Also, the salivary canal of C. chinensis is very small and contained almost entirely within the left stylet as in the aphid Myzus pericae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b30"">(Pollard, 1969)</ref> and psyllid D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_n8Ksm2A""><s xml:id=""_R9PGx5u"">Unlike the arrangement described for aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Pollard, 1973;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010)</ref>, D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Rosell et al., 1995)</ref>, at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets of C. chinensis, we did not observe the common duct or spoon-shaped depression and, instead, the food and salivary canals of the latter species extend separately to the apex of the maxillary stylet (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7E</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_ZUjTPt3"">The common duct is formed by the fusion of the food and salivary canals <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Tjallingii, 1978)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_EEcjzQq"">Functionally, this common duct may allow for the mixing of saliva and food canal contents.</s><s xml:id=""_CEz2Zt9"">Notably, previously studied species that have this common duct all transmit bacteria or viruses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_vqbv3fT"">The common duct of the aphid maxillary stylets, called the acrostyle by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al. (2010)</ref>, is thought to allow some non-circulative viruses to interact with their aphid vectors to ensure plant-to-plant transmission.</s><s xml:id=""_TmtnNH8"">Until now transmission of viruses or bacteria transmission has not been reported in C. chinensis; this may be related to the absence in this species of the common duct located at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets.</s></p><p xml:id=""_Qev7ZX8""><s xml:id=""_7wYu2WT"">The sharp end and the abundant protrusions of the mandibular stylets are structures specialized to pierce plant tissues while probing.</s><s xml:id=""_ty7BhPJ"">They are also present in other hemipteran insects <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and McLean, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_BpgjMFM"">The number of protrusions varies among different species, which may be related to the hardness of the leaves of the host plant <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_MWTJtSe"">On the distal extremity of each mandibular stylet tip more than 10 parallel barb-like ridges can be seen in C. chinensis (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7D</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_gYgcBFR""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and Mclean (1986)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> also observed the same number of teeth on the mandibles of the psyllids C. pyricola and Diaphorina citri respectively, whereas <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard (1970)</ref> found 8 teeth in adults (7 teeth in nymphs) on the mandibles of C. mali.</s><s xml:id=""_wpZS9h9"">These tooth-like protrusions on the lateral side of mandibular stylets are used to stabilize the maxillary stylets during probing and hold onto host tissues, serving as a fulcrum for the movement of the maxillae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_CAkq7b3""><s xml:id=""_uxYX3em"">The mandibular stylets of C. chinensis are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha, in which they are not mirror images of each other but are reversed in relation to each other in orientation <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">Freeman et al., 2000;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_mx33pFc"">Moreover, the inner surface of the mandibular stylets and the outer surface of the maxillary stylets are both smooth (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7F</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">G</ref>), thus contributing to the alternating protractions of the mandibular stylets followed by protraction of the maxillary stylets when in use <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_QHyGFKY"">It is suggested that the mandibular stylets are reversed in relation to each other and have no obvious interlocking with the central maxillary stylets so that rotation of the maxillary stylets, independent of the mandibular stylets, is possible <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_9GDD2NF""><s xml:id=""_ttP699J"">The number of dendritic canals in the maxilla and mandible is slightly different in different species.</s><s xml:id=""_jPPnHvG"">The presence of prominent dendritic canals within the mandibular and maxillary stylets indicates that the dual innervation of the fascicle is extensive and probably involves a proprioceptive function <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_9KZEaF8"">As in other Sternorrhyncha, the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis are solid and not innervated whereas the maxillary stylets in Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers and planthoppers) possess 2e5 dendrites.</s></p><p xml:id=""_zc3RCXe""><s xml:id=""_uDUyXA8"">The two dendrites observed in one dendritic canal in each mandible are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha except the adelgid Adelges piceae, which has three dendrites <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>, but this is different from the dendrite pattern of leafhoppers and planthoppers <ref type=""bibr"">(Foster et al., 1983a,b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_94AGCkD""><s xml:id=""_9wYtmGn"">Eight types of sensilla can be clearly found on the labium of C. chinensis in both sexes, including two types of sensilla trichodea, four types of sensilla basiconica, single as well as groups of sensilla campaniformia and oval flattened sensilla at different locations on the labium and a kind of sensilla basiconica at the junction of the labrum and anteclypeus, based on morphological characters after <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">Brozek and Bourgoin (2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_E5Dq2dv"">The functions of these sensory receptors are not clear, but receptors which may perform these functions have been described in several Hemiptera, and such sensilla may help guide the stylets to the phloem and discriminate between host and non-host tissues.</s><s xml:id=""_ttSZsEd"">An obvious difference with other hemipterans is that the basal segment of C. chinensis is hidden between the prothoracic coxae and bears no sensilla, while the sensilla are all distributed on the distal segment and the middle segment that also bears many surface projections.</s><s xml:id=""_ubpewFU"">In this study the two kinds of sensilla trichodea both have longitudinal grooves in the shaft, considered as chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_vaz6RcB"">Four pairs of bilaterally symmetrical sensilla (SbII) around the rostrum opening appear identical with the apical labial sensilla documented in aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b42"">(Walker and Gordh, 1989)</ref>, where they have been shown to serve in mechanoreceptory and chemosensory functions, respectively.</s><s xml:id=""_asgXv6Z"">Although their function in C. chinensis feeding has not been determined, it is likely that they play an integral part in host selection and likely function in chemo-or mechanosensory tasks, or both.</s><s xml:id=""_xd8vAaC"">The sensilla basiconica I and IV (SbI, SbIV), located at the respective junctions are presumably the proprioceptors to detect that the degree of flexion of the joint, thereby allowing monitoring of their relative position <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Gullan and Cranston, 2005)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_CyXfq9k"">The short and stout sensilla basiconica III are often considered to be thermo-or hygroreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_AQGWeGf"">Sensilla campaniformia are dome, bell, and cupola-shaped structures that also possess slight morphological variations (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4G</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">H</ref>) and are proprioceptors responding to strains in the exoskeleton.</s><s xml:id=""_73DDvKD"">They are found wherever mechanical deformations of the cuticle might occur <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(McIver, 1975</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(McIver, , 1985;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">French, 1988;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">Keil, 1997)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DS8GCNj"">These organs are often grouped on insect legs and wing bases, while in most cases they are solitary on the antennae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">(Schneider, 1964)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SmfsHmk"">In C. chinensis, solitary sensilla campaniformia were found on each side of the labial groove and several were arranged almost in an oblique line at the junction of the middle and proximal segments (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4AeC</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_ANsMFWT"">The function of sensilla campaniformia located at the distal labial segment in Reduviidae has not been determined <ref type=""bibr"">(Bro _ zek and Ch1ond, 2010)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HabpXtm"">Based on their function on legs and antennae, sensilla campaniformia are probably proprioceptors involved in the perception of movement and position of the labial segments.</s><s xml:id=""_FyCf4DC"">According to <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref>, oval flattened sensilla are wall-pore sensilla as described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">Zacharuk (1980)</ref> connected with olfaction or olfacto-thermo reception.</s><s xml:id=""_MzwfsEw"">Further studies are required to provide a more detailed description of the fine structure of the labial sensilla of psyllids.</s></p><p xml:id=""_5uq7MpY""><s xml:id=""_wBgU66r"">Brochosomes, which are small secretory particles often found in abundance on the integument of leafhoppers, are currently considered a unique feature of the family Cicadellidae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Day and Briggs, 1958;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Arzone, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Rakitov, 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_4M3TwQ2"">Recently, relatively large amounts of brochosomes have been reported on various body parts in several species of other families of Hemiptera <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Wyniger et al., 2008)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZCq8x3c"">We also observed brochosome pellets on the labium (Figs.</s><s xml:id=""_ZxcXmcF"">5D, 6G and H) of mouthparts in C. chinensis.</s><s xml:id=""_63qyffw"">Most likely, these are the result of contamination due to the presence of leafhoppers on the same host plants, but we cannot rule out the possibility that the brochosomes were produced by the psyllids themselves <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Day and Briggs, 1958;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Arzone, 1986)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_chfaatY"">Further investigations should examine the entire body surface, with particular emphasis on legs, anal region, forewing, and antennae under SEM to determine whether brochosomes are present.</s></p><p xml:id=""_MAAhqSh""><s xml:id=""_eq8JkVe"">The feeding mechanism may be inferred from the mouthpart morphology of insects.</s><s xml:id=""_nm3vnuu"">Based on its structure, the labrum is likely to be moveable in C. chinensis.</s><s xml:id=""_WuvUHJf"">When they feed, they stretch out the labial segment and anchor the labial tip on the plant surface.</s><s xml:id=""_hdTQVmb"">After locating a feeding site with the aid of sensilla, the labium bends and the stylet fascicle stretches out from the crumena.</s><s xml:id=""_wjSZ5nc"">The mandibular stylets cut into the plant with their sharp ends and serrate edges, allowing the maxillary stylets to penetrate and inject saliva.</s><s xml:id=""_ddUkhZy"">The maxillary stylets work together to form a relatively air-tight food canal, which can transport the fluid food to the mouth by suction.</s><s xml:id=""_mKhkqQd"">At the basal part of the cibarium, plant juice is pulled into the precibarial canal, which is formed by the interlocking of the epiand hypopharynges and channels fluids from the food canal into the cibarium.</s><s xml:id=""_KknstVf"">Saliva injected between the maxillary stylets is exuded at the stylet tips to form the salivary sheath along the stylet path <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Backus, 1985;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Freeman et al., 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Wiesenborn, 2004)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_v9eCFNQ""><s xml:id=""_4jveUtC"">Overall, the feeding structures in the few species of Psyllidae studied so far seem similar to each other, presumably due to strong structural and functional constraints on their evolution.</s><s xml:id=""_uqCRpA4"">Nevertheless, the mouthparts of C. chinensis differ from previously studied psyllids in the cross-sectional shape of the maxillary stylets, stylet length, labial segment length, arrangement of sensilla, and absence of a common salivary and food channel.</s><s xml:id=""_Ar3ZWen"">Further studies are required to determine whether there is a broader correlation between the presence of a common channel formed by the joining of the food and salivary canals and ability to transmit plant pathogens.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 2 .</head>","They are also present in other hemipteran insects <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and McLean, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The number of protrusions varies among different species, which may be related to the hardness of the leaves of the host plant <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"On the distal extremity of each mandibular stylet tip more than 10 parallel barb-like ridges can be seen in C. chinensis (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7D</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and Mclean (1986)</ref>","and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> also observed the same number of teeth on the mandibles of the psyllids C. pyricola and Diaphorina citri respectively, whereas <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard (1970)</ref> found 8 teeth in adults (7 teeth in nymphs) on the mandibles of C. mali.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These tooth-like protrusions on the lateral side of mandibular stylets are used to stabilize the maxillary stylets during probing and hold onto host tissues, serving as a fulcrum for the movement of the maxillae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The mandibular stylets of C. chinensis are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha, in which they are not mirror images of each other but are reversed in relation to each other in orientation <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">Freeman et al., 2000;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Moreover, the inner surface of the mandibular stylets and the outer surface of the maxillary stylets are both smooth (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7F</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">G</ref>), thus contributing to the alternating protractions of the mandibular stylets followed by protraction of the maxillary stylets when in use <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoXY ,other | insect-morphology,not_in_citation,neutral,3,62,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Ullman, D.E., McLean, D.L., 1986. Anterior alimentary canal of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Homoptera: Psyllidae). J. Morphol. 189, 89e98.</note>"
2011_Liu_Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_E9Uz43t"">Identification and detection of pear decline phytoplasma</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Total DNA used in this study was purified from plants and insects based on the method of <ref type=""bibr"">Liu et al. (2007a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"To amplify the full length of the 16S rDNA sequence and the 16S-23S rDNA ISR of phytoplasma that is associated with pear decline in Taiwan from plants or the insect vector, C. chinensis, a PCR or semi-nested PCR, was performed.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In direct PCR or the first amplification of semi-nested PCR, the universal phytoplasma primers P1/ P7","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">(Deng and Hiruki, 1991;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Schneider et al., 1995)</ref> were used.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In the second amplification of semi-nested PCR, the reverse primer L1n was used <ref type=""bibr"">(Liu et al., 2007a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The PCR and the semi-nested PCR were performed as described by <ref type=""bibr"">Liu et al. (2007a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The PCR products were cloned using a TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and the inserted fragments were sequenced (Mission Biotech, Taipei, Taiwan).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,identification_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,11,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Deng, S. and D. Hiruki. 1991. Amplification of 16S rRNA genes from culturable and nonculturable mollicutes. J. Microbiol. Methods 14: 53-61.</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_4YGgbPm"">Phytohormones are affected in apple and peach but not in pear</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Besides the direct and local defence mechanisms, an activation and systemic distribution of signalling compounds such as phytohormones via the SEs, may be induced by phytoplasmas and may have an impact on the plant's defence.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Moreover, typical symptoms, such as development of witches' brooms, smaller fruits, reduced leaf and vascular morphology of diseased apple trees, can be explained with an infection-induced imbalance of phytohormones","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">[25]</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In apple and peach trees, SA and JA-Ile levels significantly increased in infected trees, indicating the involvement of defence pathways to phytoplasma colonization.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Furthermore, the content of ABA in apple leaves increased as well.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Commonly, SA plays the central role for the interaction between biotrophic pathogens and host plants <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b61"">[62,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b62"">63]</ref> and an increase of SA in apple trees after Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,20,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Zimmermann MR, Schneider B, Mitho ¨fer A, Reichelt M, Seemu ¨ller E, Furch ACU. Implications of Candi- datus Phytoplasma mali infection on phloem function of apple trees. J. Endocyt. Cell Res. 2015; 26, 67- 75.</note>"
2011_Liu_Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_TxDAWDd"">Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan</head>","Shu-Ling LIU 1 , Hsiu-Lin LIU 1 , Shu-Chen CHANG 2 , and Chan-Pin LIN 1, * with pear decline in Taiwan <ref type=""bibr"">(Liu et al., 2007b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b30"">Yang et al., 2004)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In a study that monitored PDTW phytoplasma in C. chinensis from 2003 to 2006, partial rDNA sequences of a phytoplasma of group 16SrII (741 bp) and sequences of PDTW phytoplasma were frequently identified in individual psyllids <ref type=""bibr"">(Liu et al., 2007b)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"According to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, the causative agent of pear decline in southern Australia is the sweet potato little leaf (SPLL) phytoplasma, which belongs to the 16SrII group <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">(Schneider and Gibb, 1997)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The symptoms of phytoplasma-affected pears (Pyrus communis) in Australia are not of curling and reddening leaves type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">(Agrios, 2005)</ref> but of decline and dieback","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">(Schneider and Gibb, 1997)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Whether the sequences of the 16SrII phytoplasma found in C. chinensis indicate the existence of group 16SrII-pear decline phytoplasma in Taiwan has thus become a relevant concern.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Leaf redness and curling followed by progressive weakening and wilt of P. serotina Rehd.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,cv.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,8,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Schneider, B. and K.S. Gibb. 1997. Detection of phytoplasmas in declining pears in southern Australia. Plant Dis. 81: 254- 258.</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.6"" xml:id=""_BzEMUqb"">Bactericera nigricornis as a new vector of</head>",Bactericera nigricornis is a polyphagous species that can feed and reproduce in both Solanaceae and Apiaceae among other families.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,This species has been found on both carrot (Daucus carota L.) and potato crops in Europe (see section on CaLsol vectors in Apiaceae for a complete description of the species).,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Thus, B. nigricornis could potentially transmit CaLsol from carrot to potato crops and viceversa.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Although eggs and immatures B. nigricornis are rarely observed during visual inspections in the field, the reproduction and presence of this psyllid species on potato crops has been confirmed type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">(Hodkinson et al. 1981;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">Antolínez et al. 2019</ref>",") and has been reported to cause severe yield losses in Iran <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">(Fathi et al. 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"Although CaLsol-positive adults of B. nigricornis have been found in potato crops in Spain, the role of this species in transmitting the bacterium to potato was never demonstrated <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b147"">(Teresani et al. 2015)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Accordingly, a study of the possible role of B. nigricornis as a vector of CaLsol on potato was strongly needed because of the important economic losses in the carrot and potato industry associated with pathogen spread <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b76"">(Liefting et al. 2009;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b98"">Munyaneza 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Munyaneza et al. 2010a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b99"">2012;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Alfaro-Fernández et al. 2012a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">2012b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Bertolini et al. 2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b100"">Munyaneza 2015)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For this reason, we conducted a series of transmission experiments under controlled conditions at ICA-CSIC (Madrid, Spain) to evaluate the transmission rate of CaLsol (haplotype E) by B. nigricornis in carrot and potato plants.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_insect_plant,Y | unconfirmed,neutral,3,26,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Antolínez, C. A., Moreno, A., Ontiveros, I., Pla, S., Plaza, M., Sanjuan, S., … Fereres, A. (2019). Seasonal abundance of psyl- lid species on carrots and potato crops in Spain. Insects, 10(9), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090287</note>"
2002_Blomquist_Frequency and Seasonal Distribution of Pear Psylla Infected with the Pear Decline Phytoplasma in California Pear Orchards copie.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Frequency and seasonal distribution of pear psylla infected with the pear decline phytoplasma in California pear orchards,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_J5UR9pM"">DISCUSSION</head><p xml:id=""_J2jyPAR""><s xml:id=""_r6kJ7hS"">The percentage of phytoplasma-infected vectors in previous studies has varied in the vector-phytoplasma species combination studied and the method used for detecting the phytoplasma (Table <ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_2"">2</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_VkTRnPy"">In England, Davies and Eyre (9) measured the overall percentage of PD phytoplasmas in pear psylla using PCR.</s><s xml:id=""_ypKRVbS"">They found an overall average of 3 to 5% (range from &lt;1 to 27.7%) of the psylla collected off pear trees grafted onto quince rootstocks were infected.</s><s xml:id=""_bZq6Ztw"">Davies and Eyre (9) also found an average of 17% of the psylla collected from trees grafted on pear seedlings (P.</s><s xml:id=""_hU2PtN2"">communis) rootstocks were infected with PD phytoplasmas.</s><s xml:id=""_Rs79tRq"">The percentage of infected psylla sampled from these pear seedling trees was highest in late spring and fall (the end of the winterform and summerform, respectively).</s><s xml:id=""_3SnSwtp"">In this study, the overall percentage of PD-infected pear psylla, detected by PCR, in northern California ranged from 13.8 to 19%, which was very similar to the pear tree seedling results in England.</s><s xml:id=""_hcaX7S5"">In contrast to the English study, we saw no clear seasonal trends in the percentage of PD-infected psylla, as measured by PCR.</s><s xml:id=""_pWG3YPm"">This disparity could be due to differences in climate, scion varieties, and insect biotypes between England and California.</s><s xml:id=""_zNd7FZp"">The presence of a rootstock (versus an ownrooted tree) may also have influenced PD-phytoplasma titers, which could have affected phytoplasma acquisition and subsequent infection of pear psylla populations.</s><s xml:id=""_Uz5E5UF"">We did see an apparent difference in the percent infection of psylla collected from the Central Valley orchard and the foothill orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_f9kCMdR"">This difference may be due to the longer, warmer growing season in the Central Valley, but because the study was not replicated in the valley, it is not possible to say if this is true.</s></p><p xml:id=""_fYfF7dM""><s xml:id=""_JJtzU6d"">Our PD percent infection and titer results imply that both summerform and winterform pear psylla are probably important in the transmission of PD.</s><s xml:id=""_Rav2cVh"">The high titer winterform pear psylla could act as a source of inoculum ""waiting"" to transmit the PD phytoplasma into the newly developed pear leaf phloem in the spring and initiate an early infection in the canopy of an uninfected or already PD-infected tree.</s><s xml:id=""_5CmJtxn"">Psylla-mediated spring infections could happen well before the PD phytoplasma would normally recolonize the upper portion of the tree from overwintering PD phytoplasmas in the roots <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(28)</ref>, and such foliar infections might increase the severity of PD.</s><s xml:id=""_WUafzAC"">Even though the percentage of infected summerform pear psylla determined by hybridization analysis was low, when huge population increases occur, which happened in the summer of 1997 in orchards CV and FH2, the corresponding increase in numbers of infected insects may result in greater transmission of PD to healthy trees within an orchard.</s></p><p xml:id=""_8KJYWkf""><s xml:id=""_bmG4fx7"">More PD phytoplasmas were detected in psylla by PCR than hybridization analysis, a result that agrees with other studies.</s><s xml:id=""_V7cgv7t"">Grapevine yellows-infected periwinkle was detected by PCR with 10 -6 less DNA than was required for detection by DNA hybridization analysis <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">(6)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_swz47pS"">Comparing the detection of grapevine yellows phytoplasma in planthoppers, only 66% of the PCR positives were also positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(35)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_hX4Tfv3"">PCR Fig. <ref type=""figure"">7</ref>. Histograms representing the distribution of the estimated numbers of pear decline phytoplasmas in hybridization-positive pear psylla populations collected in the Central Valley (CV) and Sierra foothills (FH1 and FH2) orchards over the study period.</s><s xml:id=""_WRzm8PC"">For psylla collected in the months when both forms were found, those collected in September were considered summerform, and those collected in October and November were considered winterform.</s><s xml:id=""_nn7E4Tg"">Note the different scales on the y axis for FH2.</s></p><p xml:id=""_22hbGWH""><s xml:id=""_jhTCAem"">was so sensitive that it can even detect gut-limited phytoplasma infections in nonvectors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(34)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_hgWSGsN"">It was interesting to note that in orchard CV, the numbers of PD-positive psylla detected by PCR and DNA hybridization were not statistically different (Table <ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_0"">1</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_AQc8J3j"">This may be because the PD-infected pear psylla in CV had higher overall pathogen titers than those in the foothill orchards, and therefore, more of these infected psylla were detectable by hybridization analysis.</s></p><p xml:id=""_p5DAHRG""><s xml:id=""_YAJs4Fx"">Hybridization analysis was useful in this study for estimating the number of phytoplasmas in an infected pear psylla.</s><s xml:id=""_M24caaG"">The titers of some plant pathogenic phytoplasmas and spiroplasmas (the latter is a culturable mollicute) in their insect vectors have been estimated using various methods different vector-phytoplasma species combinations (Table <ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_1"">3</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_eqJd2XF"">Our estimates of PD phytoplasma titers in pear psylla agree within 1 order of magnitude with the phytoplasma titers found in laboratory-reared leafhoppers infected with other plant pathogenic mollicutes (Table <ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_1"">3</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_SBBjeAr"">However, the titers we found in pear psylla were considerably less than the numbers of X-disease phytoplasmas that were estimated to be in P. irroratus <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(25)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_KttnB3x"">This may be due to the size difference between the pear psylla and P. irroratus, an actual difference in the phytoplasma titers, or a difference in the amount of vector tissues that were systemically infected with X-disease phytoplasma.</s></p><p xml:id=""_mkVuEDG""><s xml:id=""_33ejU5j"">The comparatively lower number of PD hybridization-positive psylla detected in May, June, and July may be due to the very low levels of the PD phytoplasma that are present in pear trees in the early summer; PD titers are undetectable in the upper part of the tree until June in California <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(13)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_XG3cv2H"">During May to July, only summerform psylla, which emerge from eggs laid on pear trees by winterform psylla, are found on trees.</s><s xml:id=""_fjcbNAH"">If the acquisition of the PD phytoplasma by the summerform psylla in early summer is delayed due to low titers in the tree during this period, systemic phytoplasma infections of pear psylla, which the DNA hybridization analysis probably detected, will also be delayed.</s><s xml:id=""_mjKDEgM"">The highest numbers of hybridization-positive insects were collected in September (n = 29) and November (n = 22) (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_7"">8</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_Taq4bnc"">During this period, the majority of the psylla were either late summerform (September) or winterform (November).</s><s xml:id=""_RmyJYYQ"">The adults collected in September and November would have been first instar psylla nymphs that emerged at the end of July and the end of September, respectively.</s><s xml:id=""_weNBaEH"">The chance of the pear psylla acquiring PD in late summer and early fall is relatively high due to higher pathogen titers in pear trees in July through September <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(28)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_PXtQ4Rm"">The numbers of hybridization-positive psylla were not consistent through the winter.</s><s xml:id=""_c4aV9JR"">Many winterform psylla leave the orchard in November, so it is possible that in December, the lower numbers of hybridization-positive insects and lower pathogen titers were from a group of developing winterforms that were nymphs when the other earlier-maturing winterforms dispersed.</s><s xml:id=""_u8Pv7qm"">Because the psylla that left the pear orchard in November did not necessarily return to the same orchard in late January <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(12)</ref>, it is impossible to know if the differences in the numbers of hybridization-positive psylla during the winter months were due to (i) new immigrants from other orchards that had a different level of PD-infected trees, (ii) if PDinfected insects were more or less likely to survive the winter months than uninfected psylla, or (iii) if PD infection actually influenced the pear psylla's likelihood of dispersing from or returning to the pear orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_JFrq4UH"">Winterform pear psylla can disperse long distances.</s><s xml:id=""_rc4pwY4"">It took only 18 years (1939 to 1957) for the then newly introduced pear psylla to move from Spokane, WA to San Jose in northern California <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(36)</ref>, a distance of 675 miles (1,086 km).</s><s xml:id=""_MUA5DUg"">It has been hypothesized that PD came to California on infected nursery stock that was planted in the Sierra Nevada foothills where PD was first detected and not with the apparently uninfected pear psylla that had moved into northern California from Oregon a few years earlier <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(23)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SDs7kY3"">PD then moved with the pear psylla from the Sierra Nevada foothills west to the San Francisco Bay area.</s><s xml:id=""_CbdKcKs"">In less than 11 years, PD was detected in most pear-growing regions of California <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(23)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DWSENMF"">With the detection of PD in winterform pear psylla in California and our knowledge of its ability to move long distances, we can now that this form was probably responsible for the longdistance spread of PD throughout</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 1 .</head>","Even though the percentage of infected summerform pear psylla determined by hybridization analysis was low, when huge population increases occur, which happened in the summer of 1997 in orchards CV and FH2, the corresponding increase in numbers of infected insects may result in greater transmission of PD to healthy trees within an orchard.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"More PD phytoplasmas were detected in psylla by PCR than hybridization analysis, a result that agrees with other studies.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Grapevine yellows-infected periwinkle was detected by PCR with 10 -6 less DNA than was required for detection by DNA hybridization analysis <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">(6)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Comparing the detection of grapevine yellows phytoplasma in planthoppers, only 66% of the PCR positives were also positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(35)</ref>",.,for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"PCR Fig. <ref type=""figure"">7</ref>. Histograms representing the distribution of the estimated numbers of pear decline phytoplasmas in hybridization-positive pear psylla populations collected in the Central Valley (CV) and Sierra foothills (FH1 and FH2) orchards over the study period.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For psylla collected in the months when both forms were found, those collected in September were considered summerform, and those collected in October and November were considered winterform.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Note the different scales on the y axis for FH2.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoRes,identification_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,11,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Weber, A., and Maixner, M. 1998. Survey of populations of the plant- hopper Hyalesthes obsoletus sign. (Auchenorrhyncha, Cixiidae) for the infection with the phytoplasma causing grapevine yellows in Germany. J. Appl. Entomol. 122:375-381.</note>"
2017_Cho_Systematics of the east Palaearctic 1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Systematics of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) with particular focus on the Japanese and Korean fauna,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.4</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_HMKBjme"">Introduction</head>","In the last two decades, several papers were dedicated to various aspects of the biology and control of C. pyricola in Korea <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Kang et al. 2012;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Kim et al. 2000</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Kim et al. , 2007;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b61"">Park et al. 2013;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b62"">Park et al. 2016)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Recently, <ref type=""bibr"">Cho &amp; Lee (2015)</ref> reported Cacopsylla chinensis from Korea, analysing nucleotide sequences.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,They found that Korean populations are similar to Japanese ones but differ from Chinese and Taiwanese populations.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"From the Russian Far East, finally, three species associated with pear are reported to date","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Gegechkori &amp; Loginova 1990</ref>","): the west Palaearctic C. pyricola and C. pyrisuga, and the native Psylla nigrella Konovalova.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"In summary, 27 nominal species of pear psyllids are currently known from China <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">(Li 2011;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Luo et al. 2012)</ref>, three from Japan <ref type=""bibr"">(Inoue 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">Inoue et al. 2012)</ref>, six from Korea <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">(Park 1996;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Cho &amp; Lee 2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">Kwon et al. 2016)</ref>, three from the Russian Far East <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Gegechkori &amp; Loginova 1990</ref>) and eight valid species from the west Palaearctic, Middle East and Central Asia <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Burckhardt &amp; Hodkinson 1986</ref>) (Table <ref type=""table"">1</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Despite previous taxonomic revisions <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Burckhardt &amp; Hodkinson 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Luo et al. 2012)</ref>, species identification of pear psyllids remains difficult and the literature is plagued with misidentifications.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In general, the significance of seasonal dimorphism has not been taken sufficiently into account, the names of west Palaearctic taxa have been used uncritically and relationships between faunas from different countries have been ignored.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_vector,insect_mentioned,neutral,1,73,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Gegechkori &amp; Loginova 1990) probably also concern C. burckhardti. C. burckhardti is morphologically similar to the west Palaearctic C. pyrisuga. It differs from the latter, as adult, in the paramere whose anterior margin is more produced and posterior margin is more sinuate (Figs. 21-24), the apical dilatation of the distal portion of the aedeagus which is slightly longer and more angular (Figs. 25, 26), the tip of the female proctiger (Figs. 29, 30) which is more broadly rounded, the dorsal and ventral valvulae (Figs. 31, 32) which are strongly curved, and, as fifth instar immature, in the forewing pad (Figs. 27, 28) which is slightly angled anteriorly and in the middle of the outer margin (see arrows), rather than rounded and almost straight.</note>"
2004_Seemuller_Candidatus Phytoplasma.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1099/ijs.0.02823-0</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_q9eQ7WX"">TAXONOMIC EVIDENCE</head>","However, the fragment size was different for each phytoplasma <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Berg et al., 1999)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Southern blot analysis also revealed sequence heterogeneity between isolates of the AP phytoplasma.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"After hybridization of HindIII-digested DNA from 34 isolates of the AP agent with HindIII fragments IH184 and IH196, five different RFLP patterns were observed.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Two of them were represented by strains AT and AP15 R,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Bonnet et al., 1990;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">Kison et al., 1994)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These two genotypes correspond to PCR-RFLP subtypes AT-1 and AP of <ref type=""bibr"">Jarausch et al. (2000b)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Sequence heterogeneity within the AP agent was also observed when HindIII-digested DNA from three AP phytoplasma isolates was hybridized with a 5 kbp probe from an aster yellows phytoplasma, which comprised part of an rDNA operon and a 2?8 kbp upstream region.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In this case, each strain showed a different RFLP pattern <ref type=""bibr"">(Schneider &amp; Seemu ¨ller, 1994a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,74,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Bonnet, F., Saillard, C., Kollar, A., Seemu ¨ller, E. &amp; Bove ´, J. M. (1990). Detection and differentiation of the mycoplasmalike organism associated with apple proliferation disease using cloned DNA probes. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 3, 438-443.</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.3"" xml:id=""_sMbfSTf"">Description, biology, and transmission characteristics of the psyllid vectors of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CaLsol), Bactericera cockerelli, B. nigricornis, Trioza apicalis, B. trigonica, B. tremblayi and T. erytreae</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,,Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum is an intracellular phloem-limited bacterium that infects and replicates in the sieve elements of plants as well as in different organs and tissues of its psyllid vectors,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Brown 2016;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b52"">Haapalainen 2014;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b125"">Perilla-Henao &amp; Casteel 2016)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Psyllid feeding behavior plays a key role in the horizontal transmission of CaLsol <ref type=""bibr"">(Antolínez et al. 2017a</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The CaLsol transmission is a complex and slow process that includes various steps (acquisition, latency period, and inoculation).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The process is known as circulative-propagative as it requires the pathogen to circulate through the gut to reach the psyllid hemolymph and then reach the salivary glands.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | pathogen_transmission,not_in_citation,neutral,3,11,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Brown, J. K. (2016). Vector-Mediated Transmission of Plant Pathogens. APS Press; https://doi.org/10.1094/9780890545355</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_2tYpbFD"">Introduction</head>",The distribution of secondary compounds plays a crucial role in plant communication and the induction of defence mechanisms against invading pathogens and attacking herbivores.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"It was previously shown that phytoplasmas produce and secrete effector proteins into phloem sap that circulate to distal tissues and induce physiological changes in infected host plants <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">[22]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"A number of non-specific symptoms, such as chlorosis, leaf yellowing, premature reddening, swollen leaf-veins, leaf curl and reduced vigour might be attributed to the impairment of the vascular system and the photosynthesis apparatus <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">[23,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">24]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Additionally, abnormal growth, stunting, growth of witches' brooms, reduced root size and dwarf fruits occur in phytoplasma infected plants indicating a disturbed hormone balance type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">[25,</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">26]</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Phytohormones are induced in reaction to abiotic and biotic stresses and lead to the induction of defence responses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">[27]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The influence of phytoplasma infections on salicylic acid, jasmonates, auxins, abscisic acid, ethylene and cytokinine biosynthesis and pathways was recently reviewed by Dermastia <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">[26]</ref>, illustrating the diverse and complex interactions between the specialized pathogens and their host plants.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In the case of phytoplasmas, the impact on vector insects that are crucial for the distribution of phytoplasmas, has to be taken into consideration.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,50,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Dermastia M. Plant Hormones in Phytoplasma Infected Plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2019; 10, 1-15. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00001 PMID: 30723482</note>"
2020_Cao_A timetree for phytoplasmas Mollicutes with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification .grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,A timetree for phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""1."" xml:id=""_cQffZXp"">Introduction</head>","Some authors tentatively allocated phytoplasmas to family Acholeplasmataceae because, according to previous molecular phylogenies, they form a distinct clade derived from within the genus Acholeplasma <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Martini et al., 2014)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Phytoplasmas were first observed using microscopy in 1967 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Doi et al., 1967)</ref> but, because they are very difficult to culture in vitro, their great diversity only began to be revealed in the 1990s through development of molecular techniques for characterizing groups and subgroups <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Namba et al., 1993)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"This classification method was based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA, with other more variable genetic loci used for finerscale characterization.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Thus, phytoplasmas are currently organized into phylogenetic groups, each designated by a Roman numeral, and different strains within a group are given a separate letter designation defining the subgroup (currently more than 120) type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">(Lee et al., 2010;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">Martini et al., 2007;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b58"">Pérez-López et al., 2016;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b84"">Zhao et al., 2009)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Previous research on Tenericutes phylogeny has mostly relied on the sequences of the 16S rRNA gene.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These indicate that Mollicutes are a well-supported monophyletic entity <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Ludwig and Klenk, 2001)</ref> having diverged from a Gram-positive ancestor by regressive evolution <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b64"">(Razin et al., 1998)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Early 16S phylogenies characterized five phylogenetic groups and 16 phylogenetic clusters <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b59"">(Pettersson et al., 1996;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b80"">Weisburg et al., 1989)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,4,51,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Pérez-López E, Olivier CY, Luna-Rodríguez M, Dumonceaux TJ. Phytoplasma classification and phylogeny based on in silico and in vitro RFLP analysis of cpn60 universal target sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016, 66(12): 5600.</note>"
2004_Seemuller_Candidatus Phytoplasma.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1099/ijs.0.02823-0</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_q9eQ7WX"">TAXONOMIC EVIDENCE</head>","Hundreds of AP-group phytoplasma isolates from various locations in European countries and California, including the ESFY agent taken from several Prunus species, have been examined to date by using these differentiation approaches.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"With the above-mentioned restriction enzymes and several others, no variation among the different AP-group phytoplasmas was observed.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"DNA derived from randomly cloned fragment IH196 of strain AT, amplified with several primer pairs <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Bonnet et al., 1990)</ref>, also proved to be useful for AP-group phytoplasma characterization and differentiation.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Work by type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">Jarausch et al. (1994</ref> type=""bibr"">Jarausch et al. ( , 2000a</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">Jarausch et al. ( , 2000b) )</ref>","showed that this fragment contains three ORFs, including a putative nitroreductase gene.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Restriction enzyme digestion with RsaI and HincII of a product obtained with primers AP9/AP10 enabled the differentiation of AP from PD and ESFY agents.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,All three phytoplasmas could be distinguished from each other by digestion of an AP3/AP10 amplicon with these enzymes.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"One hundred and seventy-five ESFY phytoplasma isolates, which were collected from many Prunus species and hybrids in four Mediterranean countries, responded identically in this work.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,3,74,"Jarausch, W., Saillard, C., Broquaire, J. M., Garnier, M. &amp; Dosba, F. (2000a). PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis of a non-ribosomal fragment for genetic characterization of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasmas infecting various Prunus species. Mol Cell Probes 14, 171-179."
"2013_Liang_mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Fine structure and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1016/j.asd.2013.08.002</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_8kBsh5T"">2012</head><p xml:id=""_mZb9GNn""><s xml:id=""_QQurUzS"">). Maxillary stylets are asymmetrical only in the internal position of longitudinal carinae and grooves, and not in their apical shape.</s><s xml:id=""_k4tmfpR"">As found by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> in their study of Diaphorina citri, we also found these grooves on the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis to form a salivary canal (Sc) and a food canal (Fc).</s><s xml:id=""_tBjGaVm"">Also, the salivary canal of C. chinensis is very small and contained almost entirely within the left stylet as in the aphid Myzus pericae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b30"">(Pollard, 1969)</ref> and psyllid D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_n8Ksm2A""><s xml:id=""_R9PGx5u"">Unlike the arrangement described for aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Pollard, 1973;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010)</ref>, D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Rosell et al., 1995)</ref>, at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets of C. chinensis, we did not observe the common duct or spoon-shaped depression and, instead, the food and salivary canals of the latter species extend separately to the apex of the maxillary stylet (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7E</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_ZUjTPt3"">The common duct is formed by the fusion of the food and salivary canals <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Tjallingii, 1978)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_EEcjzQq"">Functionally, this common duct may allow for the mixing of saliva and food canal contents.</s><s xml:id=""_CEz2Zt9"">Notably, previously studied species that have this common duct all transmit bacteria or viruses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_vqbv3fT"">The common duct of the aphid maxillary stylets, called the acrostyle by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al. (2010)</ref>, is thought to allow some non-circulative viruses to interact with their aphid vectors to ensure plant-to-plant transmission.</s><s xml:id=""_TmtnNH8"">Until now transmission of viruses or bacteria transmission has not been reported in C. chinensis; this may be related to the absence in this species of the common duct located at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets.</s></p><p xml:id=""_Qev7ZX8""><s xml:id=""_7wYu2WT"">The sharp end and the abundant protrusions of the mandibular stylets are structures specialized to pierce plant tissues while probing.</s><s xml:id=""_ty7BhPJ"">They are also present in other hemipteran insects <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and McLean, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_BpgjMFM"">The number of protrusions varies among different species, which may be related to the hardness of the leaves of the host plant <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_MWTJtSe"">On the distal extremity of each mandibular stylet tip more than 10 parallel barb-like ridges can be seen in C. chinensis (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7D</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_gYgcBFR""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and Mclean (1986)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> also observed the same number of teeth on the mandibles of the psyllids C. pyricola and Diaphorina citri respectively, whereas <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard (1970)</ref> found 8 teeth in adults (7 teeth in nymphs) on the mandibles of C. mali.</s><s xml:id=""_wpZS9h9"">These tooth-like protrusions on the lateral side of mandibular stylets are used to stabilize the maxillary stylets during probing and hold onto host tissues, serving as a fulcrum for the movement of the maxillae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_CAkq7b3""><s xml:id=""_uxYX3em"">The mandibular stylets of C. chinensis are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha, in which they are not mirror images of each other but are reversed in relation to each other in orientation <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">Freeman et al., 2000;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_mx33pFc"">Moreover, the inner surface of the mandibular stylets and the outer surface of the maxillary stylets are both smooth (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7F</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">G</ref>), thus contributing to the alternating protractions of the mandibular stylets followed by protraction of the maxillary stylets when in use <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_QHyGFKY"">It is suggested that the mandibular stylets are reversed in relation to each other and have no obvious interlocking with the central maxillary stylets so that rotation of the maxillary stylets, independent of the mandibular stylets, is possible <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_9GDD2NF""><s xml:id=""_ttP699J"">The number of dendritic canals in the maxilla and mandible is slightly different in different species.</s><s xml:id=""_jPPnHvG"">The presence of prominent dendritic canals within the mandibular and maxillary stylets indicates that the dual innervation of the fascicle is extensive and probably involves a proprioceptive function <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_9KZEaF8"">As in other Sternorrhyncha, the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis are solid and not innervated whereas the maxillary stylets in Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers and planthoppers) possess 2e5 dendrites.</s></p><p xml:id=""_zc3RCXe""><s xml:id=""_uDUyXA8"">The two dendrites observed in one dendritic canal in each mandible are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha except the adelgid Adelges piceae, which has three dendrites <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>, but this is different from the dendrite pattern of leafhoppers and planthoppers <ref type=""bibr"">(Foster et al., 1983a,b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_94AGCkD""><s xml:id=""_9wYtmGn"">Eight types of sensilla can be clearly found on the labium of C. chinensis in both sexes, including two types of sensilla trichodea, four types of sensilla basiconica, single as well as groups of sensilla campaniformia and oval flattened sensilla at different locations on the labium and a kind of sensilla basiconica at the junction of the labrum and anteclypeus, based on morphological characters after <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">Brozek and Bourgoin (2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_E5Dq2dv"">The functions of these sensory receptors are not clear, but receptors which may perform these functions have been described in several Hemiptera, and such sensilla may help guide the stylets to the phloem and discriminate between host and non-host tissues.</s><s xml:id=""_ttSZsEd"">An obvious difference with other hemipterans is that the basal segment of C. chinensis is hidden between the prothoracic coxae and bears no sensilla, while the sensilla are all distributed on the distal segment and the middle segment that also bears many surface projections.</s><s xml:id=""_ubpewFU"">In this study the two kinds of sensilla trichodea both have longitudinal grooves in the shaft, considered as chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_vaz6RcB"">Four pairs of bilaterally symmetrical sensilla (SbII) around the rostrum opening appear identical with the apical labial sensilla documented in aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b42"">(Walker and Gordh, 1989)</ref>, where they have been shown to serve in mechanoreceptory and chemosensory functions, respectively.</s><s xml:id=""_asgXv6Z"">Although their function in C. chinensis feeding has not been determined, it is likely that they play an integral part in host selection and likely function in chemo-or mechanosensory tasks, or both.</s><s xml:id=""_xd8vAaC"">The sensilla basiconica I and IV (SbI, SbIV), located at the respective junctions are presumably the proprioceptors to detect that the degree of flexion of the joint, thereby allowing monitoring of their relative position <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Gullan and Cranston, 2005)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_CyXfq9k"">The short and stout sensilla basiconica III are often considered to be thermo-or hygroreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_AQGWeGf"">Sensilla campaniformia are dome, bell, and cupola-shaped structures that also possess slight morphological variations (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4G</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">H</ref>) and are proprioceptors responding to strains in the exoskeleton.</s><s xml:id=""_73DDvKD"">They are found wherever mechanical deformations of the cuticle might occur <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(McIver, 1975</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(McIver, , 1985;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">French, 1988;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">Keil, 1997)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DS8GCNj"">These organs are often grouped on insect legs and wing bases, while in most cases they are solitary on the antennae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">(Schneider, 1964)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SmfsHmk"">In C. chinensis, solitary sensilla campaniformia were found on each side of the labial groove and several were arranged almost in an oblique line at the junction of the middle and proximal segments (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4AeC</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_ANsMFWT"">The function of sensilla campaniformia located at the distal labial segment in Reduviidae has not been determined <ref type=""bibr"">(Bro _ zek and Ch1ond, 2010)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HabpXtm"">Based on their function on legs and antennae, sensilla campaniformia are probably proprioceptors involved in the perception of movement and position of the labial segments.</s><s xml:id=""_FyCf4DC"">According to <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref>, oval flattened sensilla are wall-pore sensilla as described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">Zacharuk (1980)</ref> connected with olfaction or olfacto-thermo reception.</s><s xml:id=""_MzwfsEw"">Further studies are required to provide a more detailed description of the fine structure of the labial sensilla of psyllids.</s></p><p xml:id=""_5uq7MpY""><s xml:id=""_wBgU66r"">Brochosomes, which are small secretory particles often found in abundance on the integument of leafhoppers, are currently considered a unique feature of the family Cicadellidae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Day and Briggs, 1958;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Arzone, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Rakitov, 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_4M3TwQ2"">Recently, relatively large amounts of brochosomes have been reported on various body parts in several species of other families of Hemiptera <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Wyniger et al., 2008)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZCq8x3c"">We also observed brochosome pellets on the labium (Figs.</s><s xml:id=""_ZxcXmcF"">5D, 6G and H) of mouthparts in C. chinensis.</s><s xml:id=""_63qyffw"">Most likely, these are the result of contamination due to the presence of leafhoppers on the same host plants, but we cannot rule out the possibility that the brochosomes were produced by the psyllids themselves <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Day and Briggs, 1958;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Arzone, 1986)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_chfaatY"">Further investigations should examine the entire body surface, with particular emphasis on legs, anal region, forewing, and antennae under SEM to determine whether brochosomes are present.</s></p><p xml:id=""_MAAhqSh""><s xml:id=""_eq8JkVe"">The feeding mechanism may be inferred from the mouthpart morphology of insects.</s><s xml:id=""_nm3vnuu"">Based on its structure, the labrum is likely to be moveable in C. chinensis.</s><s xml:id=""_WuvUHJf"">When they feed, they stretch out the labial segment and anchor the labial tip on the plant surface.</s><s xml:id=""_hdTQVmb"">After locating a feeding site with the aid of sensilla, the labium bends and the stylet fascicle stretches out from the crumena.</s><s xml:id=""_wjSZ5nc"">The mandibular stylets cut into the plant with their sharp ends and serrate edges, allowing the maxillary stylets to penetrate and inject saliva.</s><s xml:id=""_ddUkhZy"">The maxillary stylets work together to form a relatively air-tight food canal, which can transport the fluid food to the mouth by suction.</s><s xml:id=""_mKhkqQd"">At the basal part of the cibarium, plant juice is pulled into the precibarial canal, which is formed by the interlocking of the epiand hypopharynges and channels fluids from the food canal into the cibarium.</s><s xml:id=""_KknstVf"">Saliva injected between the maxillary stylets is exuded at the stylet tips to form the salivary sheath along the stylet path <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Backus, 1985;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Freeman et al., 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Wiesenborn, 2004)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_v9eCFNQ""><s xml:id=""_4jveUtC"">Overall, the feeding structures in the few species of Psyllidae studied so far seem similar to each other, presumably due to strong structural and functional constraints on their evolution.</s><s xml:id=""_uqCRpA4"">Nevertheless, the mouthparts of C. chinensis differ from previously studied psyllids in the cross-sectional shape of the maxillary stylets, stylet length, labial segment length, arrangement of sensilla, and absence of a common salivary and food channel.</s><s xml:id=""_Ar3ZWen"">Further studies are required to determine whether there is a broader correlation between the presence of a common channel formed by the joining of the food and salivary canals and ability to transmit plant pathogens.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 2 .</head>",The sharp end and the abundant protrusions of the mandibular stylets are structures specialized to pierce plant tissues while probing.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"They are also present in other hemipteran insects <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and McLean, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,this may be related to the absence in this species of the common duct located at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The number of protrusions varies among different species, which may be related to the hardness of the leaves of the host plant","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"On the distal extremity of each mandibular stylet tip more than 10 parallel barb-like ridges can be seen in C. chinensis (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7D</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and Mclean (1986)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> also observed the same number of teeth on the mandibles of the psyllids C. pyricola and Diaphorina citri respectively, whereas <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard (1970)</ref> found 8 teeth in adults (7 teeth in nymphs) on the mandibles of C. mali.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect-morphology,not_in_citation,neutral,4,62,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Forbes, A.R., 1977. The mouthparts and feeding mechanism of aphids. In: Harris, K.F., Maramorosch, K. (Eds.), Aphids as Virus Vectors. Academie Press, New York, pp. 83e103.</note>"
2008_Ploaie_Mycoplasma Phytoplasma Detectionin Pear with Pear Decline.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"Mycoplasma (Phytoplasma) detection in pear with pear decline, test plants and psyllids in Romania using dot blot immunoassay method",NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_CMEYbZc"">RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS</head>",The antisera and dot blot technique for rapid diagnostic of MLOs were evaluated on numerous extracts of infected plants and insects.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The following MLOs were selected and listed below from 1 to 6, spotted on nitrocellulose stripes and detected by indirect ELISA with secondary markers goat anti-rabbit IgG-PA or goat anti-rabbit colloidal gold.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"1. Pear decline MLO purified from Capsicum annum L.(cultivar) artificially infected by the vector Cacopsylla pyri (2003); 2. Pear decline MLO purified from petioles and midribs of pear leaves (2004; 3. Pear decline MLO purified from Capsicum annum L.(cultivar) artificially infected by the vector Cacopsylla pyri, (2003); 4. Aster yellows MLO isolated from barley and purified from host plant Catharanthus roseus, (2003); 5. Apple proliferation AP15 (Germany) purified from Catharanthus roseus, (2004).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"6. MLO purified from the vector Cacopsylla pyri, type=""bibr"">(2002)</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">(2003)</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">(2004)</ref>;",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The results with the MLOs listed from 1 to 6 are illustrated in figure <ref type=""figure"">2</ref>. The number on stripes correspond with number in list.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Antiserum anti AY <ref type=""bibr"">MLO, produced in rabbits in 1988</ref><ref type=""bibr"">MLO, produced in rabbits in , 1992</ref><ref type=""bibr"">MLO, produced in rabbits in and 1993</ref>, using as antigen the AY MLO, isolated in axenic culture, detected both AP15 (stripe 1) and AY (stripe 2) when goat anti-rabbit IgG-Gold as secondary antibodies were used.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"By symptoms in periwinkle AP15 from Germany and AY from barley were identical, inducing virescence and proliferation (figure <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_1"">1,</ref><ref type=""figure"">B,</ref><ref type=""figure"">D</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,Y | factual,neutral,3,8,NO TARGET FOUND
"2013_Liang_mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Fine structure and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1016/j.asd.2013.08.002</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""4."" xml:id=""_eVBdmEb"">Discussion</head>","When feeding, it cuts into the tissues of host plants in order to suck sap, thereby injuring the leaves and stems of its host plants.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The adult mouthpart morphology of C. chinensis is generally similar to that of other sternorrhynchan species described previously <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Pollard, 1973;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">Tavella and Arzone, 1993;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">Boyd, 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Wiesenborn, 2004;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">Rani and Madhavendra, 2005</ref>; Anderson et al., <ref type=""bibr"">2006;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>, consisting of a three-segmented labium which lies between the prothoracic coxae of the first and second pair of legs with a deep groove in the anterior side, a moderate number of sensilla, a stylet fascicle consisting of two mandibular and two maxillary stylets which are conjoined together forming a food canal (Fc) and a salivary canal (Sc), and a triangular labrum.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The gross mouthpart morphology of C. chinensis is also very similar to that of the psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref> and Cacopsylla mali Schmidberger <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">(Grove, 1919;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard, 1970)</ref>, but not identical.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The stylet fascicle of C. chinensis comprises a pair of mandibular stylets located externally which house a pair of maxillary stylets, as observed in aphids type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, , 1977;;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Pollard, 1973)</ref> and other psyllids, including C. mali type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">(Grove, 1919;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard, 1970)</ref>, C. pyricola","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Ullman and McLean, 1986)</ref>","and D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The stylet fascicle proximal to the labium forms a large loop within a membranous crumena (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_0"">2B</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The stylet fascicle is coiled under tension when fully retracted and stylet extension generates increasing tension so that the stylets readily recoil within the crumena when retracted <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Ullman and McLean, 1986</ref>; Garzo et al.,",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect-morphology,insect_mentioned,neutral,7,19,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Ullman, D.E., McLean, D.L., 1986. Anterior alimentary canal of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Homoptera: Psyllidae). J. Morphol. 189, 89e98.</note>"
2022_Riedle-Bauer_Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Vector transmission and epidemiology of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in Austria and identification of Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/s41348-021-00526-y</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_g3TV49u"">Introduction</head>","A large number of Cacopsylla species feeding on pear have been recorded in the Palearctic zone <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Cho et al. 2017)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Apart from weakening the trees by excessive sap sucking and spoiling the fruits by secreting honeydew <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Cho et al. 2017</ref>), several species have been associated with transmission of 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,P. pyri'.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Successful phytoplasma transmission experiments with C. pyricola (Foerster, 1848) as vectoring species have been carried out in North America type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">(Jensen et al. 1964</ref>) and the UK","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Davies et al. 1992)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"The vectoring ability of C. pyri <ref type=""bibr"">(Linné, 1758)</ref> was confirmed by transmission tests in France, Italy and Spain <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(Lemoine 1991;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">Carraro et al. 1998;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">Garcia Chapa et al. 2005)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In addition, two other psyllids, namely C. pyrisuga <ref type=""bibr"">(Foerster, 1848)</ref> and C. bidens <ref type=""bibr"">(Šulc, 1907)</ref> have been found to carry the phytoplasma, but successful transmission experiments have not been reported so far <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2019a</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In Austria, three confirmed or putative phytoplasma vectors, namely C. pyri, C. pyricola and C. pyrisuga, have been recorded <ref type=""bibr"">(Lethmayer et al. 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_vector,Y | factual,neutral,2,41,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Davies DL, Guise CM, Clark MF, Adams NA (1992) Parry&apos;s disease of pears is similar to pear decline and associated with mycoplasma- like organisms transmitted by Cacopsylla pyricola. Plant Pathol 41:194-203</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_dfCx9vm"">Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama 1908)</head>","Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio 1918) CITRUS Cacopsylla citrisuga <ref type=""bibr"">(Yang &amp; Li 1984)</ref> Diaphorina communis <ref type=""bibr"">(Mathur 1975)</ref> Bactericera cockerelli <ref type=""bibr"">(Šulc 1909</ref>) SOLANACEAE Bactericera trigonica <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">(Hodkinson 1981)</ref> Trioza apicalis (Foerster 1848) APIACEAE",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Trioza anthrisci <ref type=""bibr"">(Burckhardt 1986)</ref> Bactericera nigricornis (Foerster 1848) POLYPHAGOUS destructive citrus disease worldwide, due to the severity of symptoms, potential for disease progression, and susceptibility of all commercial citrus varieties <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Bové 2006)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In addition to a reduced fruit quantity and quality <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Baldwin et al. 2010)</ref>, HLB causes indirect losses due to the high costs involved in disease management <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Bové 2006;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Gottwald 2010)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Successful management of HLB depends on the knowledge of the relationships between the pathogen, the insect vectors, host plants, and the environment","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Bové 2006</ref>",).,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These bacteria are phloem-restricted and their natural spread depends on two psyllid species, D. citri and T. erytreae, which are the only known vector species transmitting the three bacteria species causing HLB.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | disease_management,not_in_citation,neutral,1,10,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Bové, J. M. (2006). Huanglongbing: A destructive, newly-emerg- ing, century-old disease of citrus. Journal of Plant Pathology, 88(1), 7-37. https://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v88i1.828</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_2tYpbFD"">Introduction</head>","In order to understand the different symptom manifestation in the three closely related pathosystems, we explored how infections with specific fruit tree phytoplasmas ('Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. mali', 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,P. pyri' and 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum') of the 16SrX group type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">[11]</ref>, changed important morphological and physiological parameters of their respective host plants, all Rosaceae","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">[45]</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"We measured various parameters such as leaf morphology, plant vascular morphology, and callose deposition, determined physical phloem parameters (mass flow velocity and volumetric flow rate, relative density and dynamic viscosity), and analysed the content of several phytohormones in leaf tissues of healthy and phytoplasma-infected plants.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The importance of measured parameters for symptom manifestation as well as the impact on vector insects, the epidemiology and phytoplasma spread is discussed.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,50,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Potter D, Eriksson T, Evans RC, Oh S, Smedmark JEE, Morgan DR, et al. Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Syst. Evol. 2007; 266, 5-43.</note>"
2020_Cao_A timetree for phytoplasmas Mollicutes with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification .grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,A timetree for phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""3.2."" xml:id=""_ChcErMf"">Divergence times</head>",Further analysis with additional calibration points may be expected to improve the divergence time estimates presented here.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Interestingly, the basal divergence in the crown clade of phytoplasmas (315.80",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Ma; Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_2"">1</ref>, node 50) corresponds to recent date estimates for the rise of seed plants (Spermatophyta) 289-365 Ma <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Kumar et al., 2017;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">Morris et al., 2018)</ref> and hemipteran insects ~300-386 Ma <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Johnson et al., 2018)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Subsequently, a few additional divergences of major phytoplasma lineages occurred between the Carboniferous and the Cretaceous but most of the recognized modern 16Sr phytoplasma groups did not appear until later in the Cretaceous or during the Cenozoic, after the radiation of angiosperms type=""bibr"">(168-246 Ma;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Kumar et al., 2017;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">Morris et al., 2018)</ref>",was underway.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Many of the numbered 16S groups radiated between 20 and 50 Ma.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"relative is dated at 120 Ma and the divergence of the extant lineages of these plants began between 110 and 97 Ma <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">(Anderson and Janssen, 2009)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The known vectors of the two subclades in phytoplasma group IV belong to Fulgoroidea (planthoppers) which emerged ~200 Ma <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Johnson et al., 2018)</ref>, well before the estimated time of emergence of this phytoplasma lineage.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,3,27,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Morris JL, Puttick MN, Clark JW, Edwards D, Kenrick P, Pressel S, et al. The timescale of early land plant evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018; 115(10): E2274-83.</note>"
2004_Seemuller_Candidatus Phytoplasma.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1099/ijs.0.02823-0</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_BhFm4pk"">METHODS</head>",Most data on which these taxonomic descriptions are based were generated previously.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Additional work was carried out as follows.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Sequence and RFLP analyses of ribosomal fragments were performed by using rDNA that was amplified with the primer pair P1/P7 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Deng &amp; Hiruki, 1991;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b62"">Schneider et al., 1995)</ref> and extended from the 59 end of the 16S rRNA gene to the 59 region of the 23S rRNA gene, thus including the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"RFLP analysis was carried out as described previously type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">(Lorenz et al., 1995;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Kison &amp; Seemu ¨ller, 2001)</ref>",.,for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For sequencing of strains AP1/93, PD1, ESFY-G1 R and ESFY-G2 and resequencing of strains AT and AP15 R , P1/P7 amplicons were cloned by using the pGEM-T vector system (Promega).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Sequencing of both strands was done by a commercial service (SEQLAB, Go ¨ttingen, Germany) by using M13 forward and reverse primers and six primers that were complementary to conserved 16S rDNA regions <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b68"">(Seemu ¨ller et al., 1994)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Sequencing data obtained with these primers usually provided threefold coverage of the sequences.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,basis,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,9,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Kison, H. &amp; Seemu ¨ller, E. (2001). Differences in strain virulence of the European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma and susceptibility of stone fruit trees on various rootstocks to this pathogen. J Phytopathol 149, 533-541.</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.7.3"" xml:id=""_2RVJuqe"">Bactericera nigricornis</head>","The level of polyphagy in this group is exceptional among Psylloidea, which are usually host-specific <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b59"">(Hodkinson 1974)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Bactericera nigricornis is present in many countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b118"">(Ouvrard et al. 2020)</ref> but little is known about its biology and dispersal ability, although it has been reported overwintering on conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(Cermák et al. 2008)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Further research on the life cycle of this species in Apiaceae crops is needed to identify its overwintering hosts and migration habits from wild host species under Mediterranean conditions.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Regarding the capability of B. nigricornis to transmit CaLsol, previous field work has shown that B. nigricornis can become naturally infected with CaLsol haplotype E","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b147"">(Teresani et al. 2014;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">2015)</ref>, so further research to assess the vector efficiency of this psyllid species was needed.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"Thus, we conducted a study at ICA-CSIC (Madrid, Spain) to test the ability of B. nigricornis as a vector of CaLsol (haplotype E) in carrot crops.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Adult B. nigricornis individuals were tested for the transmission of CaLsol using carrots as source and receptor plants.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The same transmission protocol described above to assess the vector propensity of B. nigricornis in potato was used.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,motivation,relation_insect_pathogen,Y | unconfirmed,neutral,2,10,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Teresani, G. R., Bertolini, E., Alfaro-Fernández, A., Martínez, C., Tanaka, F. A. O., Kitajima, E. W., … Font, M. I. (2014). Association of &quot;Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum&quot; with a vegetative disorder of celery in Spain and development of a real- time PCR method for its detection. Phytopathology, 104(8), 804-811. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-13-0182-R Teresani, G., Hernández, E., Bertolini, E., Siverio, F., Marroquín, C., Molina, J., … Cambra, M. (2015). Search for potential vec- tors of &quot;Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum&quot;: Population dynamics in host crops. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(1), e1002. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015131- 6551</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_69Ygtaw"">Captures of C. pruni</head>","Captured psyllids were frozen at -20 °C and C. pruni identification was done using different determination keys <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">(Ossiannilsson 1992;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">Burckhardt and Jarausch 2007)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Molecular detection of 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum' in plant samples Phloem was prepared from 1 to 3 branches per plant sample and total nucleic acids were extracted with a modified CTAB-based protocol as described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">Jarausch et al. (2011)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,All plant samples were tested with the 16SrX group specific primers fO1/rO1 as published by,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Lorenz et al. (1995)</ref>",.,for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Identification of 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum' was done with specific primers ESFY-f/ESFY-r as described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b55"">Yvon et al. (2009)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,In samples with low phytoplasma concentration which gave only a faint band in direct PCR with primers fO1/rO1 the following nested PCR approach was adopted for 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,identification_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,16,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Lorenz, K. H., Schneider, B., Ahrens, U., &amp; Seemüller, E. (1995). Detection of the apple proliferation and pear decline phytoplasmas by PCR amplification of ribosomal and nonribosomal DNA. Phytopathology, 85, 771-776.</note>"
2020_Cao_A timetree for phytoplasmas Mollicutes with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification .grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,A timetree for phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""3.2."" xml:id=""_ChcErMf"">Divergence times</head>","To overcome the absence of a fossil record for most prokaryotes, secondary calibrations and divergence times of hosts are often employed in the estimation of microbial evolutionary history <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Chriki-Adeeb and Chriki, 2016;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">Gruen et al., 2019)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Previous studies on the divergence times of Mollicutes <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Marin et al., 2016;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b68"">Sheridan et al., 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b69"">Sjöstrand et al., 2014)</ref> and multilocus genetic characterization of FDp and FD-rp strains supporting the assumption of recent divergences of FDp <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b2"">(Angelini et al., 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">Arnaud et al., 2007;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Malembic-Maher et al., 2017)</ref>, provided an opportunity to illuminate the evolutionary history of phytoplasmas.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In this paper, times of origin and major divergences of phytoplasmas were estimated using the 16S rRNA gene.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,This molecular marker has been widely used for phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of prokaryotes,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Johansson et al., 1998)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"Our initial timetree estimate, using calibrations of deeper nodes only (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_2"">1</ref>, blue arrows), suggested the divergence between the most recent common ancestor of phytoplasmas and A. palmae + A. parvum occurred ~614.55 Ma.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In a previous study that attempted to infer times of origin of various bacterial lineages based on known geological events without incorporating information on molecular divergence, the split between phytoplasma and Acholeplasma clade was dated much later (180 Ma; <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">Maniloff, 2002)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In our tree, the crown clade of the phytoplasmas was dated ~302.90",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,27,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Johansson K-E, Heldtander MUK, Pettersson B. Characterization of Mycoplasmas by PCR and Sequence Analysis with Universal 16S rDNA Primers. In: Miles R, Nicholas R, editors. Mycoplasma Protocols [Internet]. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1998. p. 145-65. (Methods in Molecular Biology TM ). https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-525-5:145</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_zRAccny"">Introduction</head>","The insects of the new generation feed on the reproduction hosts until the beginning of July when they leave the stone fruits as adults to move to overwintering hosts <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. 2009</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The phytoplasma multiplies during winter in the psyllid making the returning migrants highly infective.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The disease spread is regarded to be monocyclic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. 2009;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">Jarausch et al. 2013)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The natural infection rate of C. pruni varies according to the region: in France, Germany and Bulgaria low infection rates between 1 and 3% were observed type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">(Yvon et al. 2004;</ref> type=""bibr"">Jarausch et al. 2007a, b;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">Thébaud et al. 2008;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>",", whereas from Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Carraro et al. 2004</ref>) and Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> rates of more than 10% were reported.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : Y,"Nation-wide surveys for the presence of ESFY disease have only been conducted in stone fruit growing areas, e.g. in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998</ref><ref type=""bibr"">), Turkey (Ulubaş Serçe et al. 2006)</ref>, Spain <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">(Sabaté et al. 2015)</ref> or Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>, and confirmed a wide-spread presence of ESFY in orchards of susceptible species like apricots, Japanese plum and peach.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"During a survey between <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">2000</ref><ref type=""bibr"">and 2006</ref><ref type=""bibr"">, Jarausch et al. (2007b) )</ref> could show that 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum' as well as its vector, C. pruni, were present on all cultivated Prunus species in several stone fruit growing regions in Southwestern Germany.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoXY,infection-rate,Y | factual,neutral,6,49,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Etropolska, A., Jarausch, W., Jarausch, B., &amp; Trenchev, G. (2015). Detection of European fruit tree phytoplasmas and their insect vectors in important fruit-growing regions in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 21, 1248-1253.</note>"
2020_Cho_pear psyllid barcoding.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"DNA barcoding of pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae), a tale of continued misidentifications","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1017/S0007485320000012</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_CGd6qD3"">Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis</head>","COI and COII sequences translation was checked in MEGA 6 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b89"">(Tamura et al., 2013)</ref> for the presence of in-frame stop codons and indels, which can indicate nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs), generally known to be an impediment to DNA barcoding <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b85"">(Song et al., 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b69"">Leite, 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"For the aligned data set, phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbour-joining (NJ) algorithm with bootstrap support analysis (1000 replicates) in MEGA 6 based on a Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) model.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,This has been the most widely used method for DNA barcoding analyses (e.g.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"type=""bibr"" target=""#b94"">Yeh et al., 1997;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b82"">Shin et al., 2013;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">Gwiazdowski et al., 2015;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b92"">Wu et al., 2016;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">Amouroux et al., 2017;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b56"">Kanturski et al., 2018;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b86"">Song et al., 2018)</ref>, including previous studies on pear psyllids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b68"">(Lee et al., 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b55"">Kang et al., 2012;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">Katoh et al., 2013</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b61"">Katoh et al., , 2014;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">Chen et al., 2018)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"To compare our results with those papers, we preferred to use the same methodology despite some potential limitations, such as a poor fit of the K2P model at the species level <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b88"">(Srivathsan and Meier, 2012;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">Collins et al., 2012)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Eleven pear psyllid species of the genus Cacopsylla (Psyllidae: Psyllinae) were included into the analyses and two Acizzia species (Psyllidae: Acizzinae) were used as outgroups (table <ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_0"">1</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Pairwise distances were also computed using MEGA 6 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b89"">(Tamura et al., 2013)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,identification_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,12,23,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Wu Y, Trepanowski NF, Molongoski JJ, Reagel PF, Lingafelter SW, Nadel H, Myers SW and Ray AM (2016) Identification of wood-boring beetles (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) intercepted in trade-associated solid wood packaging material using DNA barcoding and morphology. Scientific Reports 7, 40316.</note>"
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.2.1"" xml:id=""_DD89UaN"">Description</head>","They vary in color from yellow, olive-green to dark grey, and have a marginal fringe of white, waxy filaments.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,There are five nymphal instars.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"On molting to the fourth instar, two pale brown spots appear on the abdomen.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The average lengths of the first to fifth instar are 0.345 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.72 mm, 1.025 mm, and 1.52 mm, respectively","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b97"">(Moran &amp; Blowers 1967)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Adults are winged, pale green, initially, and later turn brown (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_0"">1B</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Males are smaller than females and can be distinguished by the shape of the abdomen, which ends in a sharp point in females and bluntly in males.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The external genitalia also differ in structure.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | life-cycle_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,1,4,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Moran, V. C., &amp; Blowers, J. R. (1967). On the biology of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 30, 96-106.</note>"
2020_Cho_pear psyllid barcoding.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"DNA barcoding of pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae), a tale of continued misidentifications","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1017/S0007485320000012</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_D88YU9e"">Introduction</head>","Pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae: Cacopsylla spp.) are major pests of pear (Pyrus spp.) in the Palaearctic region and, as introductions, in the New World <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b90"">(Valle et al., 2017)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"They inflict damage by excessive removal of phloem sap and by soiling the fruits with honeydew which, in turn, provides a substrate for sooty mould <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b52"">(Hodkinson, 1984;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Burckhardt and Hodkinson, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Burckhardt, 1994)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Some species are known as vectors of Candidatus Phytoplasma spp., the causal agents of the pear decline disease <ref type=""bibr"">(Weintraub and Jones, 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b81"">Seemüller et al., 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In the past, the presence of seasonal dimorphism, controlled by temperature and photoperiod","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b87"">(Soroker et al., 2013)</ref>",", that affect adult colour, size and wing morphology in some species (fig.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_0"">1</ref>), as well as uncritical use of species names led to much confusion in the taxonomy of pear psyllids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Burckhardt and Hodkinson, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Cho et al., 2017)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Several revisions based on morphology addressed and solved many of these problems <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Burckhardt and Hodkinson, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b93"">Yang et al., 2004;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b71"">Luo et al., 2012;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Cho et al., 2017)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Currently, 34 species of Cacopsylla developing on Pyrus are considered valid but more work is needed, in particular on the psyllid fauna of the Middle East, India, Central Asia and Far East Russia, to completely untangle the confused taxonomy of the group <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Cho et al., 2017)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,life-cycle_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,1,25,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Soroker V, Alchanatis V, Harari A, Talebaev S, Anshelevich L, Reneh S and Levsky S (2013) Phenetic plasticity in the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc) (Hemiptera, Psylloidea, Psyllidae) in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 43, 21-31.</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_Tyy9CYw"">Phytoplasma infections affect the vascular morphology of apple trees more than peach and pear trees</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Although apple trees survive phytoplasma infection for decades,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">[47]</ref>",", various significant reductions in size were found in leaves (width, length, midrib), tissues (vascular bundle, phloem and xylem) and cells (sieve elements) when compared to non-infected plants (Figs <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_0"">1</ref> and<ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_1"">2</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In contrast, pear and peach trees showed less significant differences between healthy and phytoplasma-infected leaves; if any, we found significant increases for leaf size and midrib ratio for confidence intervals with the estimated marginal means obtained from mixed effect models as dots (both back transformed to the response scale).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Letters indicate statistical differences between EMMs of groups at the 0.05 significance level.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459.g005,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_pathogen_plant | plant-modification-by-pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,29,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Seemu ¨ller E, Zikeli K, Furch ACU, Wensing A, Jelkmann W. Virulence of &apos;Candidatus Phytoplasma mali&apos; strains is closely linked to conserved substitutions in AAA+ ATPase AP460 and their supposed effect on enzyme function. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2018; 150, 701-711.</note>"
2020_Cao_A timetree for phytoplasmas Mollicutes with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification .grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,A timetree for phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) with new insights on patterns of evolution and diversification,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""1."" xml:id=""_cQffZXp"">Introduction</head>","Divergence times of bacterial lineages have been estimated using three indirect methods: ecological events, inference from host fossils, and inference from Eukaryotic molecular clocks <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b52"">(Ochman et al., 1999</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"An earlier evolutionary reconstruction using 16S rRNA phylogenetic trees calibrated by correlating the nodes with ecological and geological events, showed that the lineage of Mollicutes from which phytoplasmas are derived diverged from ancestral Firmicutes about 605 million years ago (Ma) and, subsequently (407 Ma) the ancestral Acholeplasma-like Mollicute gave rise to two major branches, AAP (Acholeplasma, Anaeroplasma, Asteroleplasma and phytoplasmas) and SEM (Spiroplasma, Entomoplasma, Mesoplasma, Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma) <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">(Maniloff, 2002)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"A comprehensive timetree using 90 calibration points from other studies and small-subunit rRNA was recently constructed for prokaryotes <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Marin et al., 2016)</ref> revealing a constant overall diversification rate and suggesting that emergence of new lineages is a random process.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Although non-uniform rates of molecular evolution were observed between different bacterial lineages of 42 obligate endosymbionts, the rates still appeared constant within each clade","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">(Kuo and Ochman, 2009)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Unfortunately, phytoplasmas have, so far, not been included in published bacterial timetrees.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The rapid pace of discovery of new phytoplasmas has recently yielded large amounts of relevant sequence data, providing a valuable opportunity to estimate a phytoplasma timetree and explore patterns in their diversification and phylogenetic relatedness.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Previous phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and secY (protein-coding gene) sequences, as well as a recent large-scale phylogenomic analysis of the bacterial phylum Tenericutes, strongly support the monophyly of phytoplasmas, indicating that the group was derived from within a clade comprising facultative plant-and animal-associated bacteria within class Mollicutes <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(Gupta et al., 2018;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">Martini et al., 2007)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,51,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Kuo C-H, Ochman H. Inferring clocks when lacking rocks: the variable rates of molecular evolution in bacteria. Biol Direct. 2009; 4: 35.</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_Tyy9CYw"">Phytoplasma infections affect the vascular morphology of apple trees more than peach and pear trees</head>","Nii (1993) described differences in ingrowth structures in the SEs of the phloem among single Rosacea species and found rather similar structures in Malus and Pyrus in comparison to Prunus <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">[49]</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In theory, the ingrowth structures might influence the phloem mass flow due to reduced size and/or volume of SEs and thus, reflect a higher resistance for the phloem mass flow.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Beside this, phytoplasma colonization of the SEs might affect the phloem mass flow (= plant physiology) negatively.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Liu and Gao (1993) found similar phloem structures in Malus and Pyrus in comparison to Prunus, too","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">[50]</ref>",.,for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The SEs in Prunus were shorter and each SE was connected to 2 to 3 companion cells (CCs) in comparison to Malus and Pyrus.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In theory, the Prunus SEs have a higher flow resistance because of their shortness and increasing number of sieve plates, which might be balanced with a higher amount of CCs per SEs.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The CCs guarantee the physiological function of the SEs and a rise of CCs per SEs might enable the Prunus species to establish higher pressures, higher viability or turnover.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoXY,other | plant_biology,not_in_citation,neutral,1,29,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Donghua L, Xinzeng G. Comparative anatomy of the secondary phloem of ten species of Rosaceae. IAWA J. 1993; 14, 289-298.</note>"
"2013_Liang_mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Fine structure and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1016/j.asd.2013.08.002</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_8kBsh5T"">2012</head><p xml:id=""_mZb9GNn""><s xml:id=""_QQurUzS"">). Maxillary stylets are asymmetrical only in the internal position of longitudinal carinae and grooves, and not in their apical shape.</s><s xml:id=""_k4tmfpR"">As found by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> in their study of Diaphorina citri, we also found these grooves on the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis to form a salivary canal (Sc) and a food canal (Fc).</s><s xml:id=""_tBjGaVm"">Also, the salivary canal of C. chinensis is very small and contained almost entirely within the left stylet as in the aphid Myzus pericae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b30"">(Pollard, 1969)</ref> and psyllid D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_n8Ksm2A""><s xml:id=""_R9PGx5u"">Unlike the arrangement described for aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Pollard, 1973;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010)</ref>, D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Rosell et al., 1995)</ref>, at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets of C. chinensis, we did not observe the common duct or spoon-shaped depression and, instead, the food and salivary canals of the latter species extend separately to the apex of the maxillary stylet (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7E</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_ZUjTPt3"">The common duct is formed by the fusion of the food and salivary canals <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Tjallingii, 1978)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_EEcjzQq"">Functionally, this common duct may allow for the mixing of saliva and food canal contents.</s><s xml:id=""_CEz2Zt9"">Notably, previously studied species that have this common duct all transmit bacteria or viruses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_vqbv3fT"">The common duct of the aphid maxillary stylets, called the acrostyle by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al. (2010)</ref>, is thought to allow some non-circulative viruses to interact with their aphid vectors to ensure plant-to-plant transmission.</s><s xml:id=""_TmtnNH8"">Until now transmission of viruses or bacteria transmission has not been reported in C. chinensis; this may be related to the absence in this species of the common duct located at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets.</s></p><p xml:id=""_Qev7ZX8""><s xml:id=""_7wYu2WT"">The sharp end and the abundant protrusions of the mandibular stylets are structures specialized to pierce plant tissues while probing.</s><s xml:id=""_ty7BhPJ"">They are also present in other hemipteran insects <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and McLean, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_BpgjMFM"">The number of protrusions varies among different species, which may be related to the hardness of the leaves of the host plant <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_MWTJtSe"">On the distal extremity of each mandibular stylet tip more than 10 parallel barb-like ridges can be seen in C. chinensis (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7D</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_gYgcBFR""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and Mclean (1986)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> also observed the same number of teeth on the mandibles of the psyllids C. pyricola and Diaphorina citri respectively, whereas <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard (1970)</ref> found 8 teeth in adults (7 teeth in nymphs) on the mandibles of C. mali.</s><s xml:id=""_wpZS9h9"">These tooth-like protrusions on the lateral side of mandibular stylets are used to stabilize the maxillary stylets during probing and hold onto host tissues, serving as a fulcrum for the movement of the maxillae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_CAkq7b3""><s xml:id=""_uxYX3em"">The mandibular stylets of C. chinensis are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha, in which they are not mirror images of each other but are reversed in relation to each other in orientation <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">Freeman et al., 2000;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_mx33pFc"">Moreover, the inner surface of the mandibular stylets and the outer surface of the maxillary stylets are both smooth (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7F</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">G</ref>), thus contributing to the alternating protractions of the mandibular stylets followed by protraction of the maxillary stylets when in use <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_QHyGFKY"">It is suggested that the mandibular stylets are reversed in relation to each other and have no obvious interlocking with the central maxillary stylets so that rotation of the maxillary stylets, independent of the mandibular stylets, is possible <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_9GDD2NF""><s xml:id=""_ttP699J"">The number of dendritic canals in the maxilla and mandible is slightly different in different species.</s><s xml:id=""_jPPnHvG"">The presence of prominent dendritic canals within the mandibular and maxillary stylets indicates that the dual innervation of the fascicle is extensive and probably involves a proprioceptive function <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_9KZEaF8"">As in other Sternorrhyncha, the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis are solid and not innervated whereas the maxillary stylets in Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers and planthoppers) possess 2e5 dendrites.</s></p><p xml:id=""_zc3RCXe""><s xml:id=""_uDUyXA8"">The two dendrites observed in one dendritic canal in each mandible are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha except the adelgid Adelges piceae, which has three dendrites <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>, but this is different from the dendrite pattern of leafhoppers and planthoppers <ref type=""bibr"">(Foster et al., 1983a,b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_94AGCkD""><s xml:id=""_9wYtmGn"">Eight types of sensilla can be clearly found on the labium of C. chinensis in both sexes, including two types of sensilla trichodea, four types of sensilla basiconica, single as well as groups of sensilla campaniformia and oval flattened sensilla at different locations on the labium and a kind of sensilla basiconica at the junction of the labrum and anteclypeus, based on morphological characters after <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">Brozek and Bourgoin (2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_E5Dq2dv"">The functions of these sensory receptors are not clear, but receptors which may perform these functions have been described in several Hemiptera, and such sensilla may help guide the stylets to the phloem and discriminate between host and non-host tissues.</s><s xml:id=""_ttSZsEd"">An obvious difference with other hemipterans is that the basal segment of C. chinensis is hidden between the prothoracic coxae and bears no sensilla, while the sensilla are all distributed on the distal segment and the middle segment that also bears many surface projections.</s><s xml:id=""_ubpewFU"">In this study the two kinds of sensilla trichodea both have longitudinal grooves in the shaft, considered as chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_vaz6RcB"">Four pairs of bilaterally symmetrical sensilla (SbII) around the rostrum opening appear identical with the apical labial sensilla documented in aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b42"">(Walker and Gordh, 1989)</ref>, where they have been shown to serve in mechanoreceptory and chemosensory functions, respectively.</s><s xml:id=""_asgXv6Z"">Although their function in C. chinensis feeding has not been determined, it is likely that they play an integral part in host selection and likely function in chemo-or mechanosensory tasks, or both.</s><s xml:id=""_xd8vAaC"">The sensilla basiconica I and IV (SbI, SbIV), located at the respective junctions are presumably the proprioceptors to detect that the degree of flexion of the joint, thereby allowing monitoring of their relative position <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Gullan and Cranston, 2005)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_CyXfq9k"">The short and stout sensilla basiconica III are often considered to be thermo-or hygroreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_AQGWeGf"">Sensilla campaniformia are dome, bell, and cupola-shaped structures that also possess slight morphological variations (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4G</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">H</ref>) and are proprioceptors responding to strains in the exoskeleton.</s><s xml:id=""_73DDvKD"">They are found wherever mechanical deformations of the cuticle might occur <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(McIver, 1975</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(McIver, , 1985;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">French, 1988;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">Keil, 1997)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DS8GCNj"">These organs are often grouped on insect legs and wing bases, while in most cases they are solitary on the antennae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">(Schneider, 1964)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SmfsHmk"">In C. chinensis, solitary sensilla campaniformia were found on each side of the labial groove and several were arranged almost in an oblique line at the junction of the middle and proximal segments (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4AeC</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_ANsMFWT"">The function of sensilla campaniformia located at the distal labial segment in Reduviidae has not been determined <ref type=""bibr"">(Bro _ zek and Ch1ond, 2010)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HabpXtm"">Based on their function on legs and antennae, sensilla campaniformia are probably proprioceptors involved in the perception of movement and position of the labial segments.</s><s xml:id=""_FyCf4DC"">According to <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref>, oval flattened sensilla are wall-pore sensilla as described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">Zacharuk (1980)</ref> connected with olfaction or olfacto-thermo reception.</s><s xml:id=""_MzwfsEw"">Further studies are required to provide a more detailed description of the fine structure of the labial sensilla of psyllids.</s></p><p xml:id=""_5uq7MpY""><s xml:id=""_wBgU66r"">Brochosomes, which are small secretory particles often found in abundance on the integument of leafhoppers, are currently considered a unique feature of the family Cicadellidae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Day and Briggs, 1958;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Arzone, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Rakitov, 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_4M3TwQ2"">Recently, relatively large amounts of brochosomes have been reported on various body parts in several species of other families of Hemiptera <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Wyniger et al., 2008)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZCq8x3c"">We also observed brochosome pellets on the labium (Figs.</s><s xml:id=""_ZxcXmcF"">5D, 6G and H) of mouthparts in C. chinensis.</s><s xml:id=""_63qyffw"">Most likely, these are the result of contamination due to the presence of leafhoppers on the same host plants, but we cannot rule out the possibility that the brochosomes were produced by the psyllids themselves <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Day and Briggs, 1958;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Arzone, 1986)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_chfaatY"">Further investigations should examine the entire body surface, with particular emphasis on legs, anal region, forewing, and antennae under SEM to determine whether brochosomes are present.</s></p><p xml:id=""_MAAhqSh""><s xml:id=""_eq8JkVe"">The feeding mechanism may be inferred from the mouthpart morphology of insects.</s><s xml:id=""_nm3vnuu"">Based on its structure, the labrum is likely to be moveable in C. chinensis.</s><s xml:id=""_WuvUHJf"">When they feed, they stretch out the labial segment and anchor the labial tip on the plant surface.</s><s xml:id=""_hdTQVmb"">After locating a feeding site with the aid of sensilla, the labium bends and the stylet fascicle stretches out from the crumena.</s><s xml:id=""_wjSZ5nc"">The mandibular stylets cut into the plant with their sharp ends and serrate edges, allowing the maxillary stylets to penetrate and inject saliva.</s><s xml:id=""_ddUkhZy"">The maxillary stylets work together to form a relatively air-tight food canal, which can transport the fluid food to the mouth by suction.</s><s xml:id=""_mKhkqQd"">At the basal part of the cibarium, plant juice is pulled into the precibarial canal, which is formed by the interlocking of the epiand hypopharynges and channels fluids from the food canal into the cibarium.</s><s xml:id=""_KknstVf"">Saliva injected between the maxillary stylets is exuded at the stylet tips to form the salivary sheath along the stylet path <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Backus, 1985;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Freeman et al., 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Wiesenborn, 2004)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_v9eCFNQ""><s xml:id=""_4jveUtC"">Overall, the feeding structures in the few species of Psyllidae studied so far seem similar to each other, presumably due to strong structural and functional constraints on their evolution.</s><s xml:id=""_uqCRpA4"">Nevertheless, the mouthparts of C. chinensis differ from previously studied psyllids in the cross-sectional shape of the maxillary stylets, stylet length, labial segment length, arrangement of sensilla, and absence of a common salivary and food channel.</s><s xml:id=""_Ar3ZWen"">Further studies are required to determine whether there is a broader correlation between the presence of a common channel formed by the joining of the food and salivary canals and ability to transmit plant pathogens.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 2 .</head>",The number of dendritic canals in the maxilla and mandible is slightly different in different species.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The presence of prominent dendritic canals within the mandibular and maxillary stylets indicates that the dual innervation of the fascicle is extensive and probably involves a proprioceptive function <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"As in other Sternorrhyncha, the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis are solid and not innervated whereas the maxillary stylets in Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers and planthoppers) possess 2e5 dendrites.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The two dendrites observed in one dendritic canal in each mandible are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha except the adelgid Adelges piceae, which has three dendrites type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>, but this is different from the dendrite pattern of leafhoppers and planthoppers type=""bibr"">(Foster et al., 1983a,b;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Eight types of sensilla can be clearly found on the labium of C. chinensis in both sexes, including two types of sensilla trichodea, four types of sensilla basiconica, single as well as groups of sensilla campaniformia and oval flattened sensilla at different locations on the labium and a kind of sensilla basiconica at the junction of the labrum and anteclypeus, based on morphological characters after <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">Brozek and Bourgoin (2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The functions of these sensory receptors are not clear, but receptors which may perform these functions have been described in several Hemiptera, and such sensilla may help guide the stylets to the phloem and discriminate between host and non-host tissues.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"An obvious difference with other hemipterans is that the basal segment of C. chinensis is hidden between the prothoracic coxae and bears no sensilla, while the sensilla are all distributed on the distal segment and the middle segment that also bears many surface projections.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect-morphology,not_in_citation,neutral,4,62,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Leopold, R.A., Freeman, T.P., Buckner, J.S., Nelson, D.R., 2003. Mouthpart morphology and stylet penetration of host plants by the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulate (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Arthropod Struc. Dev. 32, 189e199.</note>"
"1968_Griggs_Development of young pear trees with different root stocks in relation to psylla infestation, pear decline and leaf curl.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Development of young pear trees with different root stocks in relation to psylla infestation, pear decline and leaf curl",NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_5eZ4v7M"">INTRODUCTION</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,THE ADVENT OF PEAR DECLINE has reemphasized the importance of rootstocks in pear culture.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The virus-caused disease generally manifests itself in commercial varieties of Pyrus cummunis L. pears that are budded or topgrafted onto certain types of rootstocks type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(Blodgett et al., 1963;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">Shalla et al., 1963</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">Shalla et al., , 1964;;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Jensen et al., 1964)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The vector is the pear psylla, Psyll(J) pyricola Foerster <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Jensen et al., 1964)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The susceptibility to or tolerance of the virus in a particular scion-rootstock combination apparently depends on the genetic composition of the rootstock.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In susceptible combinations, the virus-infected tops cause a necrosis of sieve tubes below the bud union.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_insect_disease_plant,not_in_citation,neutral,4,36,"<note type=""raw_reference"">SHALLA, T. A., T. W. CARROLL, and L. CHIARAPPA 1964. Transmission of pear decline by grafting. Calif. Agr. 18(3) : 4-5.</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_zRAccny"">Introduction</head>",P. prunorum' as well as C. pruni in P. spinosa and P. cerasifera also at sites far from stone-fruit orchards and concluded that the cycle of ESFY can be completed independently from the presence of ESFY-infected cultivated stone-fruit trees.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"These results were confirmed by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> in a case study in Southeastern France who detected 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,P. prunorum'-infected P. spinosa and C. pruni in a hedgerow of blackthorn.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"While type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Carraro et al. (2002)</ref> did not find ESFY-infected wild P. mahaleb,","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Sabaté et al. (2015)</ref>","recently reported high infection rates from wild P. mahaleb bushes as well as from C. pruni caught on these plants from Catalonia, Spain.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"As these authors did not find infected P. spinosa, they concluded that P. mahaleb is a key factor in the local ESFY cycle in Spain.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In the present study, a nationwide monitoring was conducted between 2013 and 2017 including cultivated and wild Prunus spp. in order to elucidate the real presence and distribution of 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,P. prunorum' and its vector C. pruni all over Germany.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoXY,infection-rate,not_in_citation,neutral,2,49,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Sabaté, J., Laviña, A., &amp; Batlle, A. (2015). Incidence and distri- bution of &apos;Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum&apos; and its vector Cacopsylla pruni in Spain: An approach to the epidemiology of the disease and the role of wild Prunus. Plant Pathology, 65(5), 837-846.</note>"
2017_Cho_Systematics of the east Palaearctic 1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Systematics of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) with particular focus on the Japanese and Korean fauna,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.4</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_SXwg832"">Discussion and conclusions</head>",The Cacopsylla pyri-group contains sixteen polyvoltine species which overwinter as adults on the host or in leaf litter around host.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Several species of the group constitute the economically most important pests of cultivated pear due to their ability to build up rapidly large populations and to transmit Phytoplasma (e.g. C. chinensis, C. pyri and C. pyricola).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The group is characterised by a pronounced dimorphism between winter and summer generations, a fact which was overlooked in the past.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Here we propose following synonymies which we consider to represent seasonal forms: Cacopsylla betulaefoliae type=""bibr"">(Yang &amp; Li, 1981)</ref> = Psylla heterobetulaefoliae type=""bibr"">Yang &amp; Li, 1981, syn. nov.;</ref> type=""bibr"">-Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907)</ref> = Psylla jiangli type=""bibr"">Yang &amp; Li, 1981, syn. nov.;</ref> type=""bibr"">-Cacopsylla jukyungi (Kwon, 1983)</ref> = Cacopsylla cinereosignata type=""bibr"">Luo et al., 2012, syn. nov.;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">-Cacopsylla maculatili Li, 2011</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">= Cacopsylla qiuzili Li, 2011, syn.</ref>",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,nov.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The Cacopsylla nigella-group with five probably bi or polyvoltine but not seasonally dimorphic species in the east Palaearctic is characterised by the black body colour of the adults with very dense surface spinules on the forewings.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The species overwinter as second instar immature on the host.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,life-cycle,not_in_citation,neutral,8,35,NO TARGET FOUND
2022_Riedle-Bauer_Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Vector transmission and epidemiology of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in Austria and identification of Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/s41348-021-00526-y</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_g3TV49u"">Introduction</head>","In Austria, three confirmed or putative phytoplasma vectors, namely C. pyri, C. pyricola and C. pyrisuga, have been recorded <ref type=""bibr"">(Lethmayer et al. 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"C. pyri, C. pyricola and C. bidens are polyvoltine and can be found on pear trees all year round.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"All three species are seasonally dimorphic, producing a large, dark overwintering form and a smaller, lighter summerform <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">(Burckhardt and Hodkinson 1986)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"All three species predominantly overwinter as adults in bark crevices of the trees, in case of C. pyricola; however, the winterform has also been recorded outside pear orchards","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Ossiannilsson 1992;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Horton et al. 1994)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The number of insect generations depends on the climatic zone; for C. pyri 2-8, for C. pyricola 3-5 generations per year have been reported <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">(Hodkinson 2009;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">Garcia Chapa et al. 2005;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Civolani 2012;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Jarausch et al. 2019a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In contrast, C. pyrisuga is an univoltine migratory species.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"At the end of winter or in early spring, the adults migrate to Pyrus spp.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,life-cycle,not_in_citation,neutral,2,41,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Ossiannilsson F (1992) The Psylloidea (Homoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomol Scand. 26. Brill EJ, Leiden.</note>"
2004_Seemuller_Candidatus Phytoplasma.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1099/ijs.0.02823-0</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_Vws6Sby"">INTRODUCTION</head>","In cases where phytoplasmas share ¢97?5 % 16S rDNA sequence similarity, description as different 'Candidatus' species is only recommended if there is an indication that these phytoplasmas clearly represent separate populations, as evidenced by significant differences based on molecular markers other than 16S rDNA, antibody specificity, host range and vector transmission specificity.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The AP, PD and ESFY agents are among the phytoplasmas that have been studied most intensively, using both molecular and biological methods.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"16S rDNA sequence data indicated that each of them represents a relatively uniform organism <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">(Lorenz et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Seemu ¨ller et al., 1998b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Kison &amp; Seemu ¨ller, 2001)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The results also revealed that the three pathogens are closely related phylogenetically and form, together with the PYLR phytoplasma, a cluster designated the 'AP phytoplasma group'","<ref type=""bibr"">(Seemu ¨ller et al., 1998b)</ref>","or 16SrX group <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">(Lee et al., 2000)</ref> within the AP subclade, which is one of the major branches of the phytoplasma clade.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The four phytoplasmas differ from each other in &lt,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,2?5 % of 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence positions.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Thus, the objective of this work was to examine whether the above-mentioned requirements for differentiation of closely related phytoplasmas are fulfilled.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,17,"Seemu ¨ller, E., Kison, H., Lorenz, K.-H., Schneider, B., Marcone, C., Smart, C. D. &amp; Kirkpatrick, B. C. (1998a). Detection and identification of fruit tree phytoplasmas by PCR amplification of ribosomal and nonribosomal DNA. In COST 823: New Technologies to Improve Phytodiagnosis. Advances in the Detection of Plant Pathogens by Polymerase Chain Reaction, pp. 56-66. Edited by C. Manceau. Luxembourg: European Community."
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_Tyy9CYw"">Phytoplasma infections affect the vascular morphology of apple trees more than peach and pear trees</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"persica and P. insititia) <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">[32]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The increased callose deposition did not affect all SEs as we still measured mass flow in SEs (Table <ref type=""table"">4</ref>), meaning that plum psyllids could feed on callosefree SEs.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In general, sugars (e.g. sucrose) are known to stimulate feeding of phloem-feeding insects such as aphids type=""bibr"" target=""#b57"">[58,</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b58"">59]</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Thus, the detected higher sugar concentration in infected pear phloem (Table <ref type=""table"">4</ref>) might increase probing and feeding behaviour of pear psyllids and, therefore, increase the acquisition and spread of phytoplasmas in pear orchards.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, a recent detailed phloem composition analysis of Prunus trees revealed no major differences in the phloem metabolite composition between ESFY infected and healthy trees <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">[32]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In contrast, the soluble sugar content increased and the composition of phloem metabolites differed significantly between Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | behaviour_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,2,29,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Mittler TE, Dadd RH. Studies on the artificial feeding of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer): I. relative uptake of water and sucrose solutions. J. Insect Physiol. 1963; 9, 623-645.</note>"
2012_Camerota_Italy_Piedmont_Incidence Of Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Incidence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus’ and phytoplasmas in Cacopsylla species (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and their host/shelter plants,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/s12600-012-0225-5</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_Cr7RYnk"">Introduction</head>",Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' is present in Asia and America.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Liberibacter americanus' is common in the Americas, and 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Liberibacter americanus' is common in the Americas, and 'Ca. Liberibacter africanus' occurs in Africa type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Gottwald 2010;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">Lin 1956;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">McLean and Oberholz 1965;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">Teixeira et al. 2005)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Liberibacter solanacearum', also known as 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Liberibacter psyllaurous', is associated with newly emerging and economically important diseases of solanaceous crops.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,4,21,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Teixeira, D. C., Saillard, C., Eveillard, S., Danet, J. L., da Costa, P. I., Ayres, A. J., et al. (2005). &apos;Candidatus Liberibacter americanus&apos;, associated with citrus huanglongbing (greening disease) in São Paulo State, Brazil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55, 1857-1862.</note>"
2017_Cooper_endosymbiont_Cacopsylla pyricola_Pacific Northwestern United States.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Bacterial Endosymbionts of the Psyllid Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in the Pacific Northwestern United States,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1093/ee/nvx031</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_MmEgR3d"">March</head><p xml:id=""_BtbYrwV""><s xml:id=""_EH3zWtg"">July November Between 20 and 60% of C. pyricola adults collected in Washington and Oregon carried P. pyri, which is consistent with studies conducted in California and Great Britain <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Davies and</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Eyre 1996, Blomquist and</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Kirkpatrick 2002b)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_47zVxXj"">The reduced incidence of Phytoplasma in psyllids collected in July (summerform) compared with those collected in March or November (winterform) is also consistent with the report by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">Davies and Eyre (1996)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_zGPgJNZ"">Phytoplasma pyri is the causal agent of pear decline disease.</s><s xml:id=""_DbnpWYm"">Pear decline was first described in North America in 1948 and was responsible for economic losses in pear production in the mid-20th century <ref type=""bibr"">(Kaloostian et al. 1968, Westigard and</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b58"">Zwick 1972)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Ftmh9hJ"">Phytoplasma pyri is also associated with peach yellow leaf roll disease in California, and is transmitted by winterform C. pyricola as they disperse from pear to colonize overwintering shelter hosts <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Purcell and</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Suslow 1984, Blomquist and</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Kirkpatrick 2002a)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_pYaGM5u"">Pear decline is of little concern to contemporary pear growers in the United States because commercial trees are grafted to Phytoplasma-resistant rootstocks, which reduces overwintering by the bacterium in the roots.</s><s xml:id=""_mthBndU"">Although the use of resistant rootstock reduces the accumulation of Phytoplasma in trees over multiple years, it is not known whether annual reinfection of trees by Phytoplasma-infected C. pyricola reduces crop yields.</s></p><p xml:id=""_RazNdEk""><s xml:id=""_bDDjmBF"">Although Phytoplasma are typically considered plant pathogens, they are also insect endosymbionts.</s><s xml:id=""_bKUJ5wF"">These bacteria colonize the internal organs, and alter gene expression and life history traits, including longevity, fecundity, and dispersal of their insect hosts <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">(Sugio and</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Hogenhout 2012, Matsumoto et al. 2014)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZTWzhDR"">It is not known whether P. pyri alters the biology of C. pyricola.</s><s xml:id=""_4WkWVcD"">Future research is needed to determine whether variability in Phytoplasma infection among orchards or regions corresponds with variability in C. pyricola behavior and management.</s></p><p xml:id=""_tZghNsF""><s xml:id=""_RYchxQs"">In addition to 16S sequences associated with Arsenophonus and Phytoplasma, sequences similar to those of Paenibacillus, Hyphomicrobium, and an unidentified Proteobacterium were identified from C. pyricola using universal PCR primers.</s><s xml:id=""_57Q9WNG"">Paenibacillus sequences were previously detected from B. cockerelli <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">(Hail et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_mtJUjRU"">These bacteria are mostly associated with environmental samples, including water and soil, and may not represent endosymbionts.</s><s xml:id=""_DvrPHqK"">We also obtained sequences from an unidentified bacterium using PCR primers reportedly specific to Profftella, but do not know whether these sequences are associated with an unknown bacterial endosymbiont of the psyllid.</s><s xml:id=""_7twGJZv"">Amplicons associated with this unknown bacterium were not produced from specimens collected in 1987.</s><s xml:id=""_p8QkerP"">All bacterial sequences amplified from C. pyricola were deposited into GenBank to aid future research on bacteria associated with insects.</s></p><p xml:id=""_pU9dtEG""><s xml:id=""_wR8PDdh"">Our study is the first to report bacterial endosymbionts associated with C. pyricola in North America.</s><s xml:id=""_9F3gbNb"">As facultative endosymbionts can render insects less susceptible to management using parasitoids, pathogens, host plant resistance, and insecticides <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">(Oliver et al. 2003</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">, Scarborough et al. 2005</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">, Hansen et al. 2007</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">, Ghanim and Kontsedalov 2009</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">, Kikuchi et al. 2012</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">, Su et al. 2015)</ref>, the documentation of the presence and biological function of endosymbionts in pest populations can allow for more informed pest management decisions.</s><s xml:id=""_6scKPSC"">Documentation that Arsenophonus and P. pyri are both prevalent in geographically separated C. pyricola populations will support future studies on how facultative endosymbionts potentially affect psyllid biology and management.</s><s xml:id=""_cCdrrdF"">Further research should compare behavior and ecology of wild psyllids with or without Arsenophonus or Phytoplasma, or assess biology and behavior of psyllids experimentally cured of endosymbionts.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 1 .</head>",Amplicons associated with this unknown bacterium were not produced from specimens collected in 1987.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,All bacterial sequences amplified from C. pyricola were deposited into GenBank to aid future research on bacteria associated with insects.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Our study is the first to report bacterial endosymbionts associated with C. pyricola in North America.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"As facultative endosymbionts can render insects less susceptible to management using parasitoids, pathogens, host plant resistance, and insecticides type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">(Oliver et al. 2003</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">, Scarborough et al. 2005</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">, Hansen et al. 2007</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">, Ghanim and Kontsedalov 2009</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">, Kikuchi et al. 2012</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">, Su et al. 2015)</ref>, the documentation of the presence and biological function of endosymbionts in pest populations can allow for more informed pest management decisions.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Documentation that Arsenophonus and P. pyri are both prevalent in geographically separated C. pyricola populations will support future studies on how facultative endosymbionts potentially affect psyllid biology and management.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Further research should compare behavior and ecology of wild psyllids with or without Arsenophonus or Phytoplasma, or assess biology and behavior of psyllids experimentally cured of endosymbionts.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Fig. 1.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect-management,not_in_citation,neutral,6,18,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Ghanim, M., and S. Kontsedalov. 2009. Susceptibility to insecticides in the Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci is correlated with bacterial symbiont densities. Pest Manage. Sci. 5: 939-942.</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_6P577ta"">Discussion</head><p xml:id=""_NNdVJsz""><s xml:id=""_D4vu2CR"">European stone fruit yellows is a quarantine disease which is regulated in Europe and other countries.</s><s xml:id=""_Sx3twzu"">It is reported from 11 EU and six non-EU countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Rf7PRm8"">None of these countries declares the disease to be 'widespread' probably because country-wide monitorings are missing.</s><s xml:id=""_CCSRePk"">ESFY was first described in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">(Chabrolin 1924</ref>) and a survey in France with molecular means showed that it was found in all areas tested <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_9fnzRDZ"">ESFY is well studied in southern countries with important apricot and peach growing where it causes large economic losses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>, however, its distribution in northern countries with only local apricot growing areas is largely unknown.</s><s xml:id=""_ZTaee5s"">Germany is considered to be at the Northern border of ESFY distribution <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_qNuJ4b5"">Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study with regard to the quarantine status of ESFY the nationwide distribution in Germany, in particular if ESFY-free regions exist in Germany or whether the disease is endemic.</s></p><p xml:id=""_pDxYjpE""><s xml:id=""_Hfn6XAk"">Although European stone fruit yellows was first described in Germany in 1992 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(Lederer and Seemüller 1992)</ref>, the distribution of this quarantine disease was largely unknown.</s><s xml:id=""_Aj4U8Rb"">We conducted first surveys since 2000 in stone fruit orchards in Southwest Germany and found high infections in apricot orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_TgnFVyp"">ESFY was also detected in peach and European plum orchards as well as in almond grown for flowering <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_WPjFNc2"">We also confirmed the presence of C. pruni in Germany and proved by transmission trials its vector capacity <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SZgVhm4"">During these surveys ESFY was detected only in one case also in wild Prunus cerasifera adjacent to stone fruit orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_AxSJYY7"">Thus, the question whether this quarantine pathogen was introduced into the orchards by latently infected planting material or by natural spread from the wild habitats remained unanswered.</s></p><p xml:id=""_qXkSVfn""><s xml:id=""_wuqdUyb"">To test for ESFY-free regions, samples were mainly obtained from non-stone fruit growing regions and wild habitats.</s><s xml:id=""_Fcnp5cJ"">As in addition cultured Prunus from orchards or planted cultivations like almonds for flowering were tested, the obtained result is a first nationwide overview of the distribution of ESFY in wild and cultured habitats.</s></p><p xml:id=""_zPRFRSf""><s xml:id=""_2v3SnR2"">Our data clearly demonstrate that ESFY is endemic in Germany.</s><s xml:id=""_BsnsbXQ"">It was not only found in major stone fruit growing regions but also in wild habitats far from any stone fruit growing.</s><s xml:id=""_HsXm7wC"">As the vector, C. pruni, is also widespread in Germany, a natural cycle of ESFY maintenance in wild Prunus is guaranteed.</s><s xml:id=""_3a9E3MX"">C. pruni is a European and Central Asian species which is known from almost all of Europe <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_tMcEhcR"">'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_b4QcrNw"">P. prunorum' might have been introduced to Europe from Asia along with the susceptible Prunus species like apricot and peach but ESFY has never been reported outside Europe apart from Asia Minor and North Africa.</s><s xml:id=""_yaRcK8B"">Our data strongly support the hypothesis that ESFY is an endemic European disease with a natural cycle including wild Prunus.</s><s xml:id=""_UCyHFc3"">As these wild autochtonous European Prunus like P. spinosa and P. cerasifera are tolerant to the disease, a coevolution between pathogen and plant host can be assumed.</s><s xml:id=""_cVW9DAU"">In Germany, the dominant and most widespread wild Prunus species is P. spinosa.</s><s xml:id=""_EmNEDUD"">This plant does not show any symptoms of ESFY <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">Jarausch et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">this work)</ref> but can be infected.</s><s xml:id=""_9YDKCVZ"">It has to be regarded as less susceptible.</s><s xml:id=""_RbaYBrs"">In addition, it is the preferred host plant of C. pruni <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999</ref>) and accordingly, we found C. pruni on every P. spinosa testedsometimes at high population densities.</s><s xml:id=""_XM67Qh6"">This is supported by data from <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Carraro et al. (2002)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> or <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Maier et al. (2013)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_SXGU8Ya""><s xml:id=""_vFKwEU9"">ESFY is widespread in wild habitats as we found in our random sampling a mean infection rate of about 14% and a nationwide distribution of infected plants.</s><s xml:id=""_Sp9N67v"">This is in the range of local infection rates of wild P. spinosa reported from other countries: 25% infections were found in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002)</ref>, 12% in Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> only between 1 and 2%.</s><s xml:id=""_cP8x9Yc"">This confirms our previous results <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a, b)</ref>, only in heavily infected apricot orchards infection rates of up to 5% were found <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_NAUfzhv"">Similar low infection rates were observed in France by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Jarausch et al. (2001)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">Thébaud et al. (2008)</ref> or in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_aMFJyGa"">By contrast, much higher infection rates were reported from Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Carraro et al. 2004)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Tenr6Pd"">Despite this low infection rate infected remigrants represent a high risk for susceptible stone fruit orchards as the univoltine species overwinters on conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Jarausch and Jarausch 2016;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">Gallinger and Gross 2018)</ref> and remigrates to Prunus in early spring <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. 2009)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DCmDNRn"">At this time the individuals are highly infectious <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Thébaud et al. 2009</ref>) and the dispersal in the orchard is more or less randomly on a regional scale <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">(Thébaud et al. 2006</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. , 2009))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_rBUgGn9"">Accordingly, we found high infection rates in susceptible stone fruits like apricot and Japanese plum confirming previous data from Southwest Germany <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008) )</ref> as well as from other countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Marcone et al. 2010</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(Marcone et al. , 2011))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_QEmbsfm"">Our nationwide data confirm also the relatively low infection rate of the highly susceptible peach <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998</ref><ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. , 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_sQE8Hgu"">A new finding for Germany is ESFY infection of sweet cherry.</s><s xml:id=""_XC2KRkn"">In general, phytoplasma decline diseases of sweet and sour cherry remain unclear as different phytoplasmas have been found to be associated <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Paltrinieri et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_2D2srDV"">An ESFY-related decline in sweet cherry was first observed in the Southwestern part of France and was called 'Molières disease' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(Bernhard et al. 1977)</ref> but turned out by molecular means to be a stolbur type <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch, personal comm.)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HVYU5TM"">However, 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_cfQ28ha"">P. prunorum' infection of sweet and sour cherry was confirmed in few declining trees in Czech Republic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Ludvíková et al. 2011</ref>) and in North-Central Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">(Paltrinieri et al. 2001)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_w3dyD6q"">In contrast, experimental inoculations of thirteen sweet cherry cultivars with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_RMWac3s"">P. prunorum' demonstrated a high level of resistance in P. avium <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Jarausch et al. 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Kc6z8EH"">We found two isolated cases of sudden decline in sweet cherry and could confirm infection with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_5aBcBRs"">P. prunorum' with ESFY-specific primers.</s><s xml:id=""_eWUrjFS"">This indicates rather a hypersensitivity to 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_M43pgVG"">P. prunorum' than a high resistance.</s><s xml:id=""_YB77Q3z""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Sauvion et al. (2007)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Peccoud et al. (2013)</ref> hypothesised the existence of two species of C. pruni based on genetic analyses.</s><s xml:id=""_Sf2udsC"">These two C. pruni types A and B can easily be distinguished by a triplex PCR.</s><s xml:id=""_tJeWW2S"">However, it remains unclear whether both types can transmit 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_CkPBKsz"">P. prunorum' as transmission trials have been conducted before the identification of the two types.</s><s xml:id=""_zCNEXv5"">In Southern France both types coexist and might have been used in transmission trials <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Peccoud et al. 2013)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_qPmte4Q"">We made an exhaustive molecular typing of the C. pruni captured all over Germany and found with one exception only C. pruni B-type.</s><s xml:id=""_879pDnB"">The exception is a recent finding of A-type next to the French border.</s><s xml:id=""_RC4WQ4R"">The A-type was for the first time found in a northern country outside of France.</s><s xml:id=""_VrkTSJp"">We therefore can conclude that our previous transmission trials have been carried out with the B-type.</s><s xml:id=""_d3eWxUW"">The B-type is also the dominant type across Europe <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Peccoud et al. 2013</ref>) and has been recently reported to be the only type found in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Etropolska et al. 2016)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_sVqpTbc""><s xml:id=""_HkwS9DU"">Also the phytoplasma is not homogenous.</s><s xml:id=""_dcYQ57a"">Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the marker genes imp, aceF, pnp and secY revealed at least 34 different haplotypes within the species 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_xEdSgPT"">P. prunorum' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Danet et al. 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_BFsXxu5"">Moreover, differences in strain virulence were described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Kison and Seemüller (2001)</ref> and others.</s><s xml:id=""_MhjGuzX""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref> and recently <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> could correlate the aceF type A6 to hypo-virulent strains which induce no or only mild symptoms in Prunus.</s><s xml:id=""_cMgc4wB"">We contributed 22 German isolates covering 5 stone fruit growing regions with 16 apricot or peach orchards to the MLST analysis of <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZGMhA2b"">Eight different haplotypes of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_eAgcaMr"">P. prunorum' were identified.</s><s xml:id=""_4NfFwYW"">The main haplotype aceF A3-pnp P1-imp I1-secY S1 was found in all regions and was identified by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> as founder haplotype of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_fseB7jN"">P. prunorum'.</s><s xml:id=""_z7DW7Ya"">The dominant aceF types in Europe (A3 and A8) were also dominant in German isolates.</s><s xml:id=""_zTyeyVS"">The major imp type I1 in Europe accounted also for 77% of the German isolates.</s><s xml:id=""_mQrXCSe"">By contrast, the two A6 types identified in the analysis originated both from symptomatic trees indicating that this marker alone is not sufficient to characterize hypo-virulent strains <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Dermastia et al. 2018)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_yzDMznZ"">We conclude that the genetic variability of the German isolates of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_h9q8UwP"">P. prunorum' has no impact on our results as it does not differ from other European regions.</s></p><p xml:id=""_nXKMUgW""><s xml:id=""_3ZWJKBK"">We believe that our results are representative for central European countries.</s><s xml:id=""_vqMGqyu"">E.g., ESFY has been reported to be widely present in Czech Republic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001)</ref> and Poland <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Cieślińska 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HGNF8yK"">There is no reason to exclude natural ESFY infections also in northern countries like Scandinavian countries where P. spinosa and C. pruni are present <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_6wkukaD"">Thus, ESFY should no longer be regarded as a quarantine pest.</s><s xml:id=""_zzUQuDU"">Our results have also important consequences for the protection of orchards planted with susceptible crops like apricot and peaches.</s><s xml:id=""_tyBQnyD"">Infection sources are not only infected trees inside the orchard but have to be looked for rather outside in the wild environment.</s><s xml:id=""_9vBURa2"">Control of incoming C. pruni remigrants in spring is therefore of paramount importance.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 1</head>","This plant does not show any symptoms of ESFY <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">Jarausch et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">this work)</ref> but can be infected.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,It has to be regarded as less susceptible.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In addition, it is the preferred host plant of C. pruni <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999</ref>) and accordingly, we found C. pruni on every P. spinosa testedsometimes at high population densities.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,This is supported by data from,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Carraro et al. (2002)</ref>",", <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> or <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Maier et al. (2013)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,ESFY is widespread in wild habitats as we found in our random sampling a mean infection rate of about 14% and a nationwide distribution of infected plants.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"This is in the range of local infection rates of wild P. spinosa reported from other countries: 25% infections were found in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002)</ref>, 12% in Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> only between 1 and 2%.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"This confirms our previous results <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a, b)</ref>, only in heavily infected apricot orchards infection rates of up to 5% were found <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,support,relation_insect_plant,insect_mentioned,neutral,3,67,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Carraro, L., Ferrini, F., Ermacora, P., &amp; Loi, N. (2002). Role of wild Prunus species in the epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows. Plant Pathology, 51, 513-517.</note>"
2011_Liu_Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Phytoplasmas of two 16S rDNA groups are associated with pear decline in Taiwan,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_VkjGtzj"">DISCUSSION</head>","One year after the initial discovery of C. chinensis in the Jianshih area, the rDNA sequences of both PDTW phytoplasma and PDTWII phytoplasma were for the first time amplified and sequenced using samples of C. chinensis that were collected from the same area in August, 2005.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Additionally, in 2006, pear plants began to exhibit red foliage, small developing shoots and hard fruit <ref type=""bibr"">(Liu et al., 2007b)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Phytoplasma-infected C. chinensis and pear plants were then detected and identified, and both PDTW and PDTWII phytoplasma have been detected repeatedly in diseased pears and C. chinensis since then.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In California and Italy, more than one group of phytoplasmas has been found in samples from PD-diseased pears type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Kirkpatrick et al., 1994;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Lee et al., 1995)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The host range of phytoplasmas may depend on their interaction with insect vectors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">(Seemüller et al., 1998)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Individual infection with either PDTWII phytoplasma or the previously identified PDTW phytoplasma <ref type=""bibr"">(Liu et al., 2007a)</ref> and co-infection with both phytoplasmas was also detected in diseased pears in the Heping and Dungshr areas in central Taiwan.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Since the orchard population of C. qianli has became very low in recent years, C. chinensis is now the dominant pear psyllid species in Taiwan.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,2,21,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Lee, I.M., A. Bertaccini, M. Vibio, and D.E. Gundersen. 1995. Detection of multiple phytoplasmas in perennial fruit trees with decline symptoms in Italy. Phytopathology 85: 728- 735.</note>"
2017_Cho_Systematics of the east Palaearctic 1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Systematics of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) with particular focus on the Japanese and Korean fauna,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.4</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_HMKBjme"">Introduction</head>","In two studies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">Katoh et al. (2013</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">Katoh et al. ( , 2014) ) </ref> analysed the genetic population structure of C. chinensis in Japan and compared it to populations from mainland China and Taiwan.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,They found that the Japanese populations differ markedly from the Chinese and Taiwanese ones.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Relatively little is also known about the pear psyllids from Korea.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The first record from the Peninsula is that of the European C. pyrisuga by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b66"">Shinji (1944)</ref>, repeated by various authors (e.g.","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b64"">Sasaki 1954;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b57"">Paik 1963;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Miyatake 1964;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">Kwon et al. 2016)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""bibr"">Park &amp; Lee (1982)</ref> described Psylla sandolbaea from Pyrus ussuriensis, and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">Kwon (1983)</ref> provided new distributional data for C. pyrisuga and reported the occurrence of the European C. pyricola in Korea.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Further he described Psylla (Hepatopsylla) jukyungi from Pyrus communis and P. (H.) obongsana without host indication.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Later <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">Park (1996)</ref> transferred P. sandolbaea to Cacopsylla and added P. jukyungi and P. obongsana as junior synonyms.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_vector,not_in_citation,neutral,4,73,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Sasaki, K. (1954) A list of the known species and their host-plants of the Psyllidae of Japan (Homoptera). Scientific Report of Matsuyama Agricultural College, 14, 29-39.</note>"
"2013_Liang_mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Fine structure and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1016/j.asd.2013.08.002</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_8kBsh5T"">2012</head><p xml:id=""_mZb9GNn""><s xml:id=""_QQurUzS"">). Maxillary stylets are asymmetrical only in the internal position of longitudinal carinae and grooves, and not in their apical shape.</s><s xml:id=""_k4tmfpR"">As found by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> in their study of Diaphorina citri, we also found these grooves on the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis to form a salivary canal (Sc) and a food canal (Fc).</s><s xml:id=""_tBjGaVm"">Also, the salivary canal of C. chinensis is very small and contained almost entirely within the left stylet as in the aphid Myzus pericae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b30"">(Pollard, 1969)</ref> and psyllid D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_n8Ksm2A""><s xml:id=""_R9PGx5u"">Unlike the arrangement described for aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Pollard, 1973;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010)</ref>, D. citri <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">(Garzo et al., 2012)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Rosell et al., 1995)</ref>, at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets of C. chinensis, we did not observe the common duct or spoon-shaped depression and, instead, the food and salivary canals of the latter species extend separately to the apex of the maxillary stylet (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7E</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_ZUjTPt3"">The common duct is formed by the fusion of the food and salivary canals <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Tjallingii, 1978)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_EEcjzQq"">Functionally, this common duct may allow for the mixing of saliva and food canal contents.</s><s xml:id=""_CEz2Zt9"">Notably, previously studied species that have this common duct all transmit bacteria or viruses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_vqbv3fT"">The common duct of the aphid maxillary stylets, called the acrostyle by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al. (2010)</ref>, is thought to allow some non-circulative viruses to interact with their aphid vectors to ensure plant-to-plant transmission.</s><s xml:id=""_TmtnNH8"">Until now transmission of viruses or bacteria transmission has not been reported in C. chinensis; this may be related to the absence in this species of the common duct located at the distal tip of the interlocked maxillary stylets.</s></p><p xml:id=""_Qev7ZX8""><s xml:id=""_7wYu2WT"">The sharp end and the abundant protrusions of the mandibular stylets are structures specialized to pierce plant tissues while probing.</s><s xml:id=""_ty7BhPJ"">They are also present in other hemipteran insects <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Forbes, 1969;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and McLean, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_BpgjMFM"">The number of protrusions varies among different species, which may be related to the hardness of the leaves of the host plant <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_MWTJtSe"">On the distal extremity of each mandibular stylet tip more than 10 parallel barb-like ridges can be seen in C. chinensis (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7D</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_gYgcBFR""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Ullman and Mclean (1986)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al. (2012)</ref> also observed the same number of teeth on the mandibles of the psyllids C. pyricola and Diaphorina citri respectively, whereas <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Pollard (1970)</ref> found 8 teeth in adults (7 teeth in nymphs) on the mandibles of C. mali.</s><s xml:id=""_wpZS9h9"">These tooth-like protrusions on the lateral side of mandibular stylets are used to stabilize the maxillary stylets during probing and hold onto host tissues, serving as a fulcrum for the movement of the maxillae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_CAkq7b3""><s xml:id=""_uxYX3em"">The mandibular stylets of C. chinensis are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha, in which they are not mirror images of each other but are reversed in relation to each other in orientation <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">Freeman et al., 2000;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_mx33pFc"">Moreover, the inner surface of the mandibular stylets and the outer surface of the maxillary stylets are both smooth (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_6"">7F</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">G</ref>), thus contributing to the alternating protractions of the mandibular stylets followed by protraction of the maxillary stylets when in use <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_QHyGFKY"">It is suggested that the mandibular stylets are reversed in relation to each other and have no obvious interlocking with the central maxillary stylets so that rotation of the maxillary stylets, independent of the mandibular stylets, is possible <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_9GDD2NF""><s xml:id=""_ttP699J"">The number of dendritic canals in the maxilla and mandible is slightly different in different species.</s><s xml:id=""_jPPnHvG"">The presence of prominent dendritic canals within the mandibular and maxillary stylets indicates that the dual innervation of the fascicle is extensive and probably involves a proprioceptive function <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">(Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_9KZEaF8"">As in other Sternorrhyncha, the maxillary stylets of C. chinensis are solid and not innervated whereas the maxillary stylets in Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers and planthoppers) possess 2e5 dendrites.</s></p><p xml:id=""_zc3RCXe""><s xml:id=""_uDUyXA8"">The two dendrites observed in one dendritic canal in each mandible are similar to those of other studied Sternorrhyncha except the adelgid Adelges piceae, which has three dendrites <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978)</ref>, but this is different from the dendrite pattern of leafhoppers and planthoppers <ref type=""bibr"">(Foster et al., 1983a,b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_94AGCkD""><s xml:id=""_9wYtmGn"">Eight types of sensilla can be clearly found on the labium of C. chinensis in both sexes, including two types of sensilla trichodea, four types of sensilla basiconica, single as well as groups of sensilla campaniformia and oval flattened sensilla at different locations on the labium and a kind of sensilla basiconica at the junction of the labrum and anteclypeus, based on morphological characters after <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">Brozek and Bourgoin (2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_E5Dq2dv"">The functions of these sensory receptors are not clear, but receptors which may perform these functions have been described in several Hemiptera, and such sensilla may help guide the stylets to the phloem and discriminate between host and non-host tissues.</s><s xml:id=""_ttSZsEd"">An obvious difference with other hemipterans is that the basal segment of C. chinensis is hidden between the prothoracic coxae and bears no sensilla, while the sensilla are all distributed on the distal segment and the middle segment that also bears many surface projections.</s><s xml:id=""_ubpewFU"">In this study the two kinds of sensilla trichodea both have longitudinal grooves in the shaft, considered as chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_vaz6RcB"">Four pairs of bilaterally symmetrical sensilla (SbII) around the rostrum opening appear identical with the apical labial sensilla documented in aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b42"">(Walker and Gordh, 1989)</ref>, where they have been shown to serve in mechanoreceptory and chemosensory functions, respectively.</s><s xml:id=""_asgXv6Z"">Although their function in C. chinensis feeding has not been determined, it is likely that they play an integral part in host selection and likely function in chemo-or mechanosensory tasks, or both.</s><s xml:id=""_xd8vAaC"">The sensilla basiconica I and IV (SbI, SbIV), located at the respective junctions are presumably the proprioceptors to detect that the degree of flexion of the joint, thereby allowing monitoring of their relative position <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Gullan and Cranston, 2005)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_CyXfq9k"">The short and stout sensilla basiconica III are often considered to be thermo-or hygroreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_AQGWeGf"">Sensilla campaniformia are dome, bell, and cupola-shaped structures that also possess slight morphological variations (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4G</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">H</ref>) and are proprioceptors responding to strains in the exoskeleton.</s><s xml:id=""_73DDvKD"">They are found wherever mechanical deformations of the cuticle might occur <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(McIver, 1975</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(McIver, , 1985;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">French, 1988;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">Keil, 1997)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DS8GCNj"">These organs are often grouped on insect legs and wing bases, while in most cases they are solitary on the antennae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">(Schneider, 1964)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SmfsHmk"">In C. chinensis, solitary sensilla campaniformia were found on each side of the labial groove and several were arranged almost in an oblique line at the junction of the middle and proximal segments (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4AeC</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_ANsMFWT"">The function of sensilla campaniformia located at the distal labial segment in Reduviidae has not been determined <ref type=""bibr"">(Bro _ zek and Ch1ond, 2010)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HabpXtm"">Based on their function on legs and antennae, sensilla campaniformia are probably proprioceptors involved in the perception of movement and position of the labial segments.</s><s xml:id=""_FyCf4DC"">According to <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Altner and Prillinger (1980)</ref>, oval flattened sensilla are wall-pore sensilla as described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">Zacharuk (1980)</ref> connected with olfaction or olfacto-thermo reception.</s><s xml:id=""_MzwfsEw"">Further studies are required to provide a more detailed description of the fine structure of the labial sensilla of psyllids.</s></p><p xml:id=""_5uq7MpY""><s xml:id=""_wBgU66r"">Brochosomes, which are small secretory particles often found in abundance on the integument of leafhoppers, are currently considered a unique feature of the family Cicadellidae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Day and Briggs, 1958;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Arzone, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Rakitov, 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_4M3TwQ2"">Recently, relatively large amounts of brochosomes have been reported on various body parts in several species of other families of Hemiptera <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Wyniger et al., 2008)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZCq8x3c"">We also observed brochosome pellets on the labium (Figs.</s><s xml:id=""_ZxcXmcF"">5D, 6G and H) of mouthparts in C. chinensis.</s><s xml:id=""_63qyffw"">Most likely, these are the result of contamination due to the presence of leafhoppers on the same host plants, but we cannot rule out the possibility that the brochosomes were produced by the psyllids themselves <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Day and Briggs, 1958;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Arzone, 1986)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_chfaatY"">Further investigations should examine the entire body surface, with particular emphasis on legs, anal region, forewing, and antennae under SEM to determine whether brochosomes are present.</s></p><p xml:id=""_MAAhqSh""><s xml:id=""_eq8JkVe"">The feeding mechanism may be inferred from the mouthpart morphology of insects.</s><s xml:id=""_nm3vnuu"">Based on its structure, the labrum is likely to be moveable in C. chinensis.</s><s xml:id=""_WuvUHJf"">When they feed, they stretch out the labial segment and anchor the labial tip on the plant surface.</s><s xml:id=""_hdTQVmb"">After locating a feeding site with the aid of sensilla, the labium bends and the stylet fascicle stretches out from the crumena.</s><s xml:id=""_wjSZ5nc"">The mandibular stylets cut into the plant with their sharp ends and serrate edges, allowing the maxillary stylets to penetrate and inject saliva.</s><s xml:id=""_ddUkhZy"">The maxillary stylets work together to form a relatively air-tight food canal, which can transport the fluid food to the mouth by suction.</s><s xml:id=""_mKhkqQd"">At the basal part of the cibarium, plant juice is pulled into the precibarial canal, which is formed by the interlocking of the epiand hypopharynges and channels fluids from the food canal into the cibarium.</s><s xml:id=""_KknstVf"">Saliva injected between the maxillary stylets is exuded at the stylet tips to form the salivary sheath along the stylet path <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Backus, 1985;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Freeman et al., 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Wiesenborn, 2004)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_v9eCFNQ""><s xml:id=""_4jveUtC"">Overall, the feeding structures in the few species of Psyllidae studied so far seem similar to each other, presumably due to strong structural and functional constraints on their evolution.</s><s xml:id=""_uqCRpA4"">Nevertheless, the mouthparts of C. chinensis differ from previously studied psyllids in the cross-sectional shape of the maxillary stylets, stylet length, labial segment length, arrangement of sensilla, and absence of a common salivary and food channel.</s><s xml:id=""_Ar3ZWen"">Further studies are required to determine whether there is a broader correlation between the presence of a common channel formed by the joining of the food and salivary canals and ability to transmit plant pathogens.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 2 .</head>","In this study the two kinds of sensilla trichodea both have longitudinal grooves in the shaft, considered as chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Four pairs of bilaterally symmetrical sensilla (SbII) around the rostrum opening appear identical with the apical labial sensilla documented in aphids <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">(Forbes, 1977)</ref> and whiteflies <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b42"">(Walker and Gordh, 1989)</ref>, where they have been shown to serve in mechanoreceptory and chemosensory functions, respectively.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Although their function in C. chinensis feeding has not been determined, it is likely that they play an integral part in host selection and likely function in chemo-or mechanosensory tasks, or both.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The sensilla basiconica I and IV (SbI, SbIV), located at the respective junctions are presumably the proprioceptors to detect that the degree of flexion of the joint, thereby allowing monitoring of their relative position","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Gullan and Cranston, 2005)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The short and stout sensilla basiconica III are often considered to be thermo-or hygroreceptors <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Rani and Madhavendra, 1995)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Sensilla campaniformia are dome, bell, and cupola-shaped structures that also possess slight morphological variations (Fig. <ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_3"">4G</ref> and<ref type=""figure"">H</ref>) and are proprioceptors responding to strains in the exoskeleton.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"They are found wherever mechanical deformations of the cuticle might occur <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(McIver, 1975</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(McIver, , 1985;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">French, 1988;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b25"">Keil, 1997)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect_bioloogy,not_in_citation,neutral,1,62,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Gullan, P.J., Cranston, P.S., 2005. The Insects: an Outline of Entomology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford.</note>"
2017_Cho_Systematics of the east Palaearctic 1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Systematics of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) with particular focus on the Japanese and Korean fauna,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.4</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_HMKBjme"">Introduction</head>",Further he described Psylla (Hepatopsylla) jukyungi from Pyrus communis and P. (H.) obongsana without host indication.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Later <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">Park (1996)</ref> transferred P. sandolbaea to Cacopsylla and added P. jukyungi and P. obongsana as junior synonyms.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"An edict of the New Zealand Government (New Zealand National Plant Protection Organisation 1999) regulates Cacopsylla jukyungi, C. pyricola and C. pyrisuga from Korea as quarantine risk group pests for their biosecurity, implicitly treating C. jukyungi as valid species and transferring it to Cacopsylla.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In the last two decades, several papers were dedicated to various aspects of the biology and control of C. pyricola in Korea","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Kang et al. 2012;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Kim et al. 2000</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Kim et al. , 2007;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b61"">Park et al. 2013;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b62"">Park et al. 2016)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Recently, <ref type=""bibr"">Cho &amp; Lee (2015)</ref> reported Cacopsylla chinensis from Korea, analysing nucleotide sequences.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,They found that Korean populations are similar to Japanese ones but differ from Chinese and Taiwanese populations.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"From the Russian Far East, finally, three species associated with pear are reported to date <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Gegechkori &amp; Loginova 1990</ref>): the west Palaearctic C. pyricola and C. pyrisuga, and the native Psylla nigrella Konovalova.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect_bioloogy,not_in_citation,neutral,5,73,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Kang, A.R., Baek, J.Y., Lee, S.H., Cho, Y.S., Kim, W.S., Han, Y.S. &amp; Kim, I.S. (2012) Geographic homogeneity and high gene flow of the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), detected by mitochondrial COI gene and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2. Animal Cells and Systems, 16 (2), 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2011.607511</note>"
2020_Cho_pear psyllid barcoding.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"DNA barcoding of pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae), a tale of continued misidentifications","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1017/S0007485320000012</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_D88YU9e"">Introduction</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,DNA barcoding is a fast and efficient method for species identification using short standardized sequences.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,It is commonly used for identification of quarantine and agricultural pests,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Hebert et al., 2003;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">Hebert and Ratnasingham, 2007;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b76"">Park et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b82"">Shin et al., 2013)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"DNA-based methodologies are also useful for species identification in taxa where females or immatures lack diagnostic morphological characters <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b30"">(Boehme et al., 2010)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae: Cacopsylla spp.) are major pests of pear (Pyrus spp.) in the Palaearctic region and, as introductions, in the New World <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b90"">(Valle et al., 2017)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"They inflict damage by excessive removal of phloem sap and by soiling the fruits with honeydew which, in turn, provides a substrate for sooty mould <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b52"">(Hodkinson, 1984;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Burckhardt and Hodkinson, 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">Burckhardt, 1994)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,4,25,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Hebert PDN, Ratnasingham S and deWaard JR (2003) Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270, S96-S99.</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_zRAccny"">Introduction</head>","The disease spread is regarded to be monocyclic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. 2009;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">Jarausch et al. 2013)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The natural infection rate of C. pruni varies according to the region: in France, Germany and Bulgaria low infection rates between 1 and 3% were observed <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">(Yvon et al. 2004;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Jarausch et al. 2007a, b;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">Thébaud et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>, whereas from Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Carraro et al. 2004</ref>) and Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> rates of more than 10% were reported.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Nation-wide surveys for the presence of ESFY disease have only been conducted in stone fruit growing areas, e.g. in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998</ref><ref type=""bibr"">), Turkey (Ulubaş Serçe et al. 2006)</ref>, Spain <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">(Sabaté et al. 2015)</ref> or Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>, and confirmed a wide-spread presence of ESFY in orchards of susceptible species like apricots, Japanese plum and peach.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"During a survey between type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">2000</ref> type=""bibr"">and 2006</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"">, Jarausch et al. (2007b) )</ref>",could show that 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum' as well as its vector, C. pruni, were present on all cultivated Prunus species in several stone fruit growing regions in Southwestern Germany.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The role of wild Prunus for the spread of ESFY was first studied by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Carraro et al. (2002)</ref> in the heavily ESFY-infected region Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Northeast Italy.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,They found 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_pathogen_vector,not_in_citation,neutral,3,49,"Jarausch, B., Fuchs, A., Mühlenz, I., Lampe, I., Harzer, U., &amp; Jarausch, W. (2007a). Research on European stone fruit yellows in Germany. Bulletin of Insectology, 60(2), 389-390."
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""2.1.3"" xml:id=""_hYwbX4D"">Transmission</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Diaphorina citri transmits Ca. Liberibacter africanus (CLaf), Ca. L. asiaticus (CLas), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam) <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b88"">(McClean &amp; Oberholzer 1965;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Capoor et al. 1967;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b162"">Yamamoto et al. 2006)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, most studies related to transmission of Ca. Liberibacter spp. by D. citri were performed with CLas.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"This bacterium has a persistent propagative relationship with D. citri type=""bibr"" target=""#b65"">(Inoue et al. 2009;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">Ammar et al. 2011;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b114"">Orlovskis et al. 2015)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"Regarding transmission characteristics of CLas, there is a wide variation in the literature on the data on the period and efficiency of acquisition, inoculation, latency, and persistence.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"This may, in part, be explained by the dependency of early studies on visual assessment of symptom development.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Therefore, only the studies that have used molecular techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR, to detect CLas in the psyllid and plant have been considered here.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,relation_insect_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,3,23,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Ammar, E. D., Shatters, R. G., Jr., Lynch, C., &amp; Hall, D. G. (2011). Detection and relative titer of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in the salivary glands and alimentary canal of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) vector of citrus huanglongbing disease. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(3), 526- 533. https://doi.org/10.1603/AN10134</note>"
2002_Blomquist_PYLR_Usa_Cacopsylla pyricola.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Identification of phytoplasma taxa and insect vectors of peach yellow leaf roll disease in California,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_ktcKMPe"">DISCUSSION</head>","We do not know what served as a reservoir for WX in the 1950s, but perhaps there was a larger wild Prunus population at that time.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The most common crops currently grown in the area are walnuts, peaches, pears, and French prune (Prunus domestica).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Of these crops, only peaches are susceptible to WX, and peaches have been shown to be a poor vector acquisition host of the WX phytoplasma <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(4,</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">6)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,A previous report detected WX in pear by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">(9)</ref>",", but these results were never repeated using DNA hybridization (B. C. Kirkpatrick, unpublished results) or PCR <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(5)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The current absence of an efficient reservoir for WX is the most likely explanation for the low levels of WX in the peach trees and leafhoppers sampled from this area of California.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, as previously noted, the typical foliar symptoms of WX-infected peaches, especially late-season shot-holing, can sometimes be produced by the PYLR/PD phytoplasma.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Thus, some of the trees reported by Schlocker <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(18)</ref> to be infected with WX may have been actually infected with the PYLR/PD phytoplasma.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,life-cycle,not_in_citation,neutral,2,12,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Kirkpatrick, B. C., Purcell, A. H., Gao, J. L., Fisher, G. F., and Uyemoto, J. K. 1993. At least three genetically distinct MLOs cause pear decline and peach yellow leaf roll dis- ease in California. Phytopathology 83:1341.</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_6P577ta"">Discussion</head><p xml:id=""_NNdVJsz""><s xml:id=""_D4vu2CR"">European stone fruit yellows is a quarantine disease which is regulated in Europe and other countries.</s><s xml:id=""_Sx3twzu"">It is reported from 11 EU and six non-EU countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Rf7PRm8"">None of these countries declares the disease to be 'widespread' probably because country-wide monitorings are missing.</s><s xml:id=""_CCSRePk"">ESFY was first described in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">(Chabrolin 1924</ref>) and a survey in France with molecular means showed that it was found in all areas tested <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_9fnzRDZ"">ESFY is well studied in southern countries with important apricot and peach growing where it causes large economic losses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>, however, its distribution in northern countries with only local apricot growing areas is largely unknown.</s><s xml:id=""_ZTaee5s"">Germany is considered to be at the Northern border of ESFY distribution <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_qNuJ4b5"">Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study with regard to the quarantine status of ESFY the nationwide distribution in Germany, in particular if ESFY-free regions exist in Germany or whether the disease is endemic.</s></p><p xml:id=""_pDxYjpE""><s xml:id=""_Hfn6XAk"">Although European stone fruit yellows was first described in Germany in 1992 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(Lederer and Seemüller 1992)</ref>, the distribution of this quarantine disease was largely unknown.</s><s xml:id=""_Aj4U8Rb"">We conducted first surveys since 2000 in stone fruit orchards in Southwest Germany and found high infections in apricot orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_TgnFVyp"">ESFY was also detected in peach and European plum orchards as well as in almond grown for flowering <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_WPjFNc2"">We also confirmed the presence of C. pruni in Germany and proved by transmission trials its vector capacity <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SZgVhm4"">During these surveys ESFY was detected only in one case also in wild Prunus cerasifera adjacent to stone fruit orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_AxSJYY7"">Thus, the question whether this quarantine pathogen was introduced into the orchards by latently infected planting material or by natural spread from the wild habitats remained unanswered.</s></p><p xml:id=""_qXkSVfn""><s xml:id=""_wuqdUyb"">To test for ESFY-free regions, samples were mainly obtained from non-stone fruit growing regions and wild habitats.</s><s xml:id=""_Fcnp5cJ"">As in addition cultured Prunus from orchards or planted cultivations like almonds for flowering were tested, the obtained result is a first nationwide overview of the distribution of ESFY in wild and cultured habitats.</s></p><p xml:id=""_zPRFRSf""><s xml:id=""_2v3SnR2"">Our data clearly demonstrate that ESFY is endemic in Germany.</s><s xml:id=""_BsnsbXQ"">It was not only found in major stone fruit growing regions but also in wild habitats far from any stone fruit growing.</s><s xml:id=""_HsXm7wC"">As the vector, C. pruni, is also widespread in Germany, a natural cycle of ESFY maintenance in wild Prunus is guaranteed.</s><s xml:id=""_3a9E3MX"">C. pruni is a European and Central Asian species which is known from almost all of Europe <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_tMcEhcR"">'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_b4QcrNw"">P. prunorum' might have been introduced to Europe from Asia along with the susceptible Prunus species like apricot and peach but ESFY has never been reported outside Europe apart from Asia Minor and North Africa.</s><s xml:id=""_yaRcK8B"">Our data strongly support the hypothesis that ESFY is an endemic European disease with a natural cycle including wild Prunus.</s><s xml:id=""_UCyHFc3"">As these wild autochtonous European Prunus like P. spinosa and P. cerasifera are tolerant to the disease, a coevolution between pathogen and plant host can be assumed.</s><s xml:id=""_cVW9DAU"">In Germany, the dominant and most widespread wild Prunus species is P. spinosa.</s><s xml:id=""_EmNEDUD"">This plant does not show any symptoms of ESFY <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">Jarausch et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">this work)</ref> but can be infected.</s><s xml:id=""_9YDKCVZ"">It has to be regarded as less susceptible.</s><s xml:id=""_RbaYBrs"">In addition, it is the preferred host plant of C. pruni <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999</ref>) and accordingly, we found C. pruni on every P. spinosa testedsometimes at high population densities.</s><s xml:id=""_XM67Qh6"">This is supported by data from <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Carraro et al. (2002)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> or <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Maier et al. (2013)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_SXGU8Ya""><s xml:id=""_vFKwEU9"">ESFY is widespread in wild habitats as we found in our random sampling a mean infection rate of about 14% and a nationwide distribution of infected plants.</s><s xml:id=""_Sp9N67v"">This is in the range of local infection rates of wild P. spinosa reported from other countries: 25% infections were found in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002)</ref>, 12% in Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> only between 1 and 2%.</s><s xml:id=""_cP8x9Yc"">This confirms our previous results <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a, b)</ref>, only in heavily infected apricot orchards infection rates of up to 5% were found <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_NAUfzhv"">Similar low infection rates were observed in France by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Jarausch et al. (2001)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">Thébaud et al. (2008)</ref> or in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_aMFJyGa"">By contrast, much higher infection rates were reported from Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Carraro et al. 2004)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Tenr6Pd"">Despite this low infection rate infected remigrants represent a high risk for susceptible stone fruit orchards as the univoltine species overwinters on conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Jarausch and Jarausch 2016;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">Gallinger and Gross 2018)</ref> and remigrates to Prunus in early spring <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. 2009)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DCmDNRn"">At this time the individuals are highly infectious <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Thébaud et al. 2009</ref>) and the dispersal in the orchard is more or less randomly on a regional scale <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">(Thébaud et al. 2006</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. , 2009))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_rBUgGn9"">Accordingly, we found high infection rates in susceptible stone fruits like apricot and Japanese plum confirming previous data from Southwest Germany <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008) )</ref> as well as from other countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Marcone et al. 2010</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(Marcone et al. , 2011))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_QEmbsfm"">Our nationwide data confirm also the relatively low infection rate of the highly susceptible peach <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998</ref><ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. , 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_sQE8Hgu"">A new finding for Germany is ESFY infection of sweet cherry.</s><s xml:id=""_XC2KRkn"">In general, phytoplasma decline diseases of sweet and sour cherry remain unclear as different phytoplasmas have been found to be associated <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Paltrinieri et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_2D2srDV"">An ESFY-related decline in sweet cherry was first observed in the Southwestern part of France and was called 'Molières disease' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(Bernhard et al. 1977)</ref> but turned out by molecular means to be a stolbur type <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch, personal comm.)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HVYU5TM"">However, 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_cfQ28ha"">P. prunorum' infection of sweet and sour cherry was confirmed in few declining trees in Czech Republic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Ludvíková et al. 2011</ref>) and in North-Central Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">(Paltrinieri et al. 2001)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_w3dyD6q"">In contrast, experimental inoculations of thirteen sweet cherry cultivars with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_RMWac3s"">P. prunorum' demonstrated a high level of resistance in P. avium <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Jarausch et al. 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Kc6z8EH"">We found two isolated cases of sudden decline in sweet cherry and could confirm infection with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_5aBcBRs"">P. prunorum' with ESFY-specific primers.</s><s xml:id=""_eWUrjFS"">This indicates rather a hypersensitivity to 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_M43pgVG"">P. prunorum' than a high resistance.</s><s xml:id=""_YB77Q3z""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Sauvion et al. (2007)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Peccoud et al. (2013)</ref> hypothesised the existence of two species of C. pruni based on genetic analyses.</s><s xml:id=""_Sf2udsC"">These two C. pruni types A and B can easily be distinguished by a triplex PCR.</s><s xml:id=""_tJeWW2S"">However, it remains unclear whether both types can transmit 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_CkPBKsz"">P. prunorum' as transmission trials have been conducted before the identification of the two types.</s><s xml:id=""_zCNEXv5"">In Southern France both types coexist and might have been used in transmission trials <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Peccoud et al. 2013)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_qPmte4Q"">We made an exhaustive molecular typing of the C. pruni captured all over Germany and found with one exception only C. pruni B-type.</s><s xml:id=""_879pDnB"">The exception is a recent finding of A-type next to the French border.</s><s xml:id=""_RC4WQ4R"">The A-type was for the first time found in a northern country outside of France.</s><s xml:id=""_VrkTSJp"">We therefore can conclude that our previous transmission trials have been carried out with the B-type.</s><s xml:id=""_d3eWxUW"">The B-type is also the dominant type across Europe <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Peccoud et al. 2013</ref>) and has been recently reported to be the only type found in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Etropolska et al. 2016)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_sVqpTbc""><s xml:id=""_HkwS9DU"">Also the phytoplasma is not homogenous.</s><s xml:id=""_dcYQ57a"">Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the marker genes imp, aceF, pnp and secY revealed at least 34 different haplotypes within the species 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_xEdSgPT"">P. prunorum' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Danet et al. 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_BFsXxu5"">Moreover, differences in strain virulence were described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Kison and Seemüller (2001)</ref> and others.</s><s xml:id=""_MhjGuzX""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref> and recently <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> could correlate the aceF type A6 to hypo-virulent strains which induce no or only mild symptoms in Prunus.</s><s xml:id=""_cMgc4wB"">We contributed 22 German isolates covering 5 stone fruit growing regions with 16 apricot or peach orchards to the MLST analysis of <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZGMhA2b"">Eight different haplotypes of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_eAgcaMr"">P. prunorum' were identified.</s><s xml:id=""_4NfFwYW"">The main haplotype aceF A3-pnp P1-imp I1-secY S1 was found in all regions and was identified by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> as founder haplotype of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_fseB7jN"">P. prunorum'.</s><s xml:id=""_z7DW7Ya"">The dominant aceF types in Europe (A3 and A8) were also dominant in German isolates.</s><s xml:id=""_zTyeyVS"">The major imp type I1 in Europe accounted also for 77% of the German isolates.</s><s xml:id=""_mQrXCSe"">By contrast, the two A6 types identified in the analysis originated both from symptomatic trees indicating that this marker alone is not sufficient to characterize hypo-virulent strains <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Dermastia et al. 2018)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_yzDMznZ"">We conclude that the genetic variability of the German isolates of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_h9q8UwP"">P. prunorum' has no impact on our results as it does not differ from other European regions.</s></p><p xml:id=""_nXKMUgW""><s xml:id=""_3ZWJKBK"">We believe that our results are representative for central European countries.</s><s xml:id=""_vqMGqyu"">E.g., ESFY has been reported to be widely present in Czech Republic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001)</ref> and Poland <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Cieślińska 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HGNF8yK"">There is no reason to exclude natural ESFY infections also in northern countries like Scandinavian countries where P. spinosa and C. pruni are present <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_6wkukaD"">Thus, ESFY should no longer be regarded as a quarantine pest.</s><s xml:id=""_zzUQuDU"">Our results have also important consequences for the protection of orchards planted with susceptible crops like apricot and peaches.</s><s xml:id=""_tyBQnyD"">Infection sources are not only infected trees inside the orchard but have to be looked for rather outside in the wild environment.</s><s xml:id=""_9vBURa2"">Control of incoming C. pruni remigrants in spring is therefore of paramount importance.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 1</head>","Similar low infection rates were observed in France by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Jarausch et al. (2001)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">Thébaud et al. (2008)</ref> or in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"By contrast, much higher infection rates were reported from Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Carraro et al. 2004)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Despite this low infection rate infected remigrants represent a high risk for susceptible stone fruit orchards as the univoltine species overwinters on conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Jarausch and Jarausch 2016;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">Gallinger and Gross 2018)</ref> and remigrates to Prunus in early spring <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. 2009)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,At this time the individuals are highly infectious,"<ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Thébaud et al. 2009</ref>) and the dispersal in the orchard is more or less randomly on a regional scale <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">(Thébaud et al. 2006</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. , 2009))</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Accordingly, we found high infection rates in susceptible stone fruits like apricot and Japanese plum confirming previous data from Southwest Germany <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008) )</ref> as well as from other countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Marcone et al. 2010</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(Marcone et al. , 2011))</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Our nationwide data confirm also the relatively low infection rate of the highly susceptible peach <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998</ref><ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. , 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,A new finding for Germany is ESFY infection of sweet cherry.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,infection-rate,not_in_citation,neutral,4,67,"Jarausch, B., Fuchs, A., Mühlenz, I., Lampe, I., Harzer, U., &amp; Jarausch, W. (2007a). Research on European stone fruit yellows in Germany. Bulletin of Insectology, 60(2), 389-390."
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""",Introduction,"These symptoms are highly correlated with the presence of the phytoplasma as detected by molecular means <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">Jarausch et al. 2008)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Infected trees may also show less specific symptoms like leaf deformation, reduced terminal growth, die-back and decline.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"ESFY is known to occur in most southern and central European countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Cieślińska 2011;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">Marcone et al. 2010</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">Marcone et al. , 2011) )</ref> but it has also been detected in Asia Minor <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">(Jarausch et al. 2000;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b46"">Sertkaya et al. 2005;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Tedeschi et al. 2013;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">Allahverdi et al. 2014;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b53"">Valasevich and Schneider 2016)</ref> as well as in northern Africa <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b2"">(Ben Khalifa et al. 2011)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Its highest spread is in the Mediterranean basin while its northern border ranges from England type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Davies and Adams 2000)</ref> via Germany type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b)</ref> to Poland",(Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011),.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In Germany, the first detection of the agent in different Prunus species has already been reported in 1992 by <ref type=""bibr"">Lederer and Seemüller. Carraro et al. (1998)</ref> identified the psyllid species Cacopsylla pruni (Scopoli) as vector for 'Ca.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum' in Italy and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Jarausch et al. (2001)</ref> confirmed the vector capacity of this psyllid species in France.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In Germany, C. pruni was confirmed as vector in transmission trials conducted by us <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_disease,not_in_citation,neutral,3,49,"Cieślińska, M. (2011). European stone fruit yellows disease and its causal agent &apos;Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum&apos;. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 51(4), 441-447."
2004_Seemuller_Candidatus Phytoplasma.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1099/ijs.0.02823-0</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_q9eQ7WX"">TAXONOMIC EVIDENCE</head>","Similarities of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were 47-76 and 31-57 %, respectively.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Sequence similarity values for the combined N-terminal and transmembrane domains were higher, ranging from 82 to 98 % and 65 to 100 %, respectively.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Whilst the PD and PYLR phytoplasmas differed significantly in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of their large hydrophilic domain (54 and 31 % similarity, respectively), sequences of their combined N-terminal and transmembrane domains were nearly identical or identical.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, sequence similarity of the entire gene was highest between the PD and AP phytoplasmas type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Berg et al., 1999;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">Barbara et al., 2001;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b56"">Morton et al., 2003)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"There is no sequence similarity in antigenic membrane proteins between AP-group and aster yellows-group phytoplasmas <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Barbara et al., 2002)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The DNA sequence of randomly cloned DNA fragment AT67 from strain AT of the AP phytoplasma <ref type=""bibr"">(Schneider &amp; Seemu ¨ller, 1994b)</ref>, which contains three ORFs that encode a putative ATP-binding protein and two putative permease proteins, was compared with analogous, PCRamplified sequences of Californian, German and Italian PD phytoplasma isolates and a Californian PYLR phytoplasma isolate.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,This analysis revealed that the Californian and German PD isolates and the Californian PYLR isolate had identical sequences.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,3,74,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Morton, A., Davies, D. L., Blomquist, C. L. &amp; Barbara, D. J. (2003). Characterization of homologues of the apple proliferation immuno- dominant membrane protein gene from three related phytoplasmas. Mol Plant Pathol 4, 109-114.</note>"
2002_Blomquist_PYLR_Usa_Cacopsylla pyricola.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Identification of phytoplasma taxa and insect vectors of peach yellow leaf roll disease in California,NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_ktcKMPe"">DISCUSSION</head>","It is unclear whether there is a subpopulation of the PD/PYLR phytoplasmas in pear trees that is capable of multiplying in peach trees, or there are strict phenological parameters in the peach tree that determine whether a peach yellow leaf roll infection survives the winter.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, there are numerous plantings of peaches near pears in many areas around the world, yet PYLR appears to be found only in California.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,This distribution suggests there is a unique sub-strain of the PD-phytoplasma in California that has evolved the ability to multiply and cause disease in peach.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Based on the information obtained in this and previous studies,"<ref type=""bibr"">(14,15;</ref>","A. H. Purcell, unpublished data), pear growers are now aware that pears are the primary reservoir for PYLR in northern California.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Their subsequent use of highly effective insecticides to control late season populations of pear psylla, which had previously migrated out of pear and into adjacent peach orchards, has greatly reduced the incidence to PYLR in the last 8 years.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Identification of PhytoplasmaTaxa and Insect Vectors of Peach Yellow Leaf Roll Disease in California C. L. Blomquist and B. C. Kirkpatrick, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,basis,location_disease,not_in_citation,neutral,1,12,NO TARGET FOUND
"2013_Liang_mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Fine structure and sensory apparatus of the mouthparts of the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang et Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1016/j.asd.2013.08.002</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""1."" xml:id=""_DeWVQ7z"">Introduction</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Hemipterans have highly modified piercingesucking mouthparts which play important roles in finding hosts, feeding and transmitting plant pathogens.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Abundant information exists about the ultrastructural morphology of mouthparts of Hemiptera based on both light and scanning electron microscopy that has mainly concentrated on the Fulgoroidea type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">(Brozek et al., 2006;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">Brozek and Bourgoin, 2012)</ref>","and Cicadellidae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">(Tavella and Arzone, 1993;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Leopold et al., 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Wiesenborn, 2004;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">Zhao et al., 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">Ammar and Hall, 2012)</ref> of Auchenorrhyncha, the Aphidoidea <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b31"">(Pollard, 1970</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">(Pollard, , 1973;;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Tjallingii, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b41"">Uzest et al., 2010)</ref>, Coccoidea <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">(Ahmad et al., 2012)</ref> and Aleyrodidae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b42"">(Walker and Gordh, 1989;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">Rosell et al., 1995)</ref> of Sternorrhyncha and the Heteroptera <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Cobben, 1978;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">Boyd, 2003;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">Anderson et al., 2006;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">Kumar and Sahayaraj, 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Also, there are a few studies that focus on the internal structures of mouthparts in Sternorrhyncha and Fulgoromorpha, using SEM and TEM to observe cross-sections of the rostral segment of adult specimens, supplying comparative analysis of the connecting systems between the right and left maxillae <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">(Brozek et al., 2006;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b22"">Garzo et al., 2012;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b26"">Kumar and Sahayaraj, 2012)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Piercingesucking mouthparts show similar structural features in the different hemipteran families, including a short and triangular labrum, the segmented labium and the stylet fascicle.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"However, there is considerable variation in the morphology and sensilla of mouthparts among families, genera and species.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | insect-morphology,not_in_citation,neutral,18,31,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Brozek, J., Bourgoin, T., 2012. Morphology and distribution of the external labial sensilla in Fulgoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera). Zoomorphology 135, 33e65.</note>"
2020_Cho_pear psyllid barcoding.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"DNA barcoding of pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae), a tale of continued misidentifications","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1017/S0007485320000012</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_agrBuFF"">A total</head>",,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Chinese and Taiwanese Cacopsylla chinensis sequences,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b67"">(Lee et al., 2007</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b68"">(Lee et al., , 2008) )</ref> together form well-supported clusters in the NJ trees based on COI-tRNA leu -COII and 16S rDNA gene fragments (fig.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_2"">2</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The sequences of COI-tRNA leu -COII and 16S The mean intraspecific K2P distance is 0.1% in COI 658 bp (range 0-5.9%), 0.7% in COI 403 bp (range 0-5.5%), 1% in COI-tRNA leu -COII (range 0-5.9%) and 0.6% in 16S rDNA (range 0-3.8%), with a maximum observed value of 5.9% for C. maculatili (fig.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""figure"" target=""#fig_4"">3</ref>, table <ref type=""table"">3</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,identification_insect | phylogeny,not_in_citation,neutral,2,2,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Lee HC, Yang MM, Li F and Yeh WB (2007) Genetic variation of Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Taiwan based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence. Formosan Entomologist 27, 157-168.</note>"
2022_Riedle-Bauer_Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Vector transmission and epidemiology of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in Austria and identification of Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1007/s41348-021-00526-y</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_bTPMR7a"">Population dynamics of pear psyllids</head>","Insects were caught every 1-3 weeks by beating tray method, using a white plastic tray (30 × 40 cm) to capture individuals.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Psyllids were immediately sampled from the tray with a mouth aspirator.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Per tree ten hits were performed (2 branches, 5 hits per branch), and in total, 10 trees per location were sampled at each time point.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Insect species and seasonal stage of the pear psyllids (winterform, summerform) were determined by aid of a stereomicroscope according to type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Ossiannilsson (1992)</ref> and","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Burckhardt and Jarausch (2007)</ref>",.,for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Representative numbers of the collected psyllids were individually analysed by PCR for phytoplasma presence.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Numbers of PCR samples per insect species, season and location are illustrated in Tables <ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_2"">2</ref> and<ref type=""table"" target=""#tab_3"">3</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,life-cycle_insect,not_in_citation,neutral,2,2,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Burckhardt D, Jarausch, B (2007) Bestimmungsschlüssel für Psyl- liden auf Rosaceaen in Mitteleuropa. http:// www. psyll idkey. info/ schlu essel. html. Accessed 31 Aug 2011 CABI (2020) Data sheet: Phytoplasma pyri (pear decline). https:// www. cabi. org/ isc/ datas heet/ 44021# toDis tribu tionM aps, Accessed 09 Sep 2020</note>"
2017_Cho_Systematics of the east Palaearctic 1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Systematics of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) with particular focus on the Japanese and Korean fauna,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.4</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_HMKBjme"">Introduction</head>","Recently, <ref type=""bibr"">Cho &amp; Lee (2015)</ref> reported Cacopsylla chinensis from Korea, analysing nucleotide sequences.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,They found that Korean populations are similar to Japanese ones but differ from Chinese and Taiwanese populations.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"From the Russian Far East, finally, three species associated with pear are reported to date <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Gegechkori &amp; Loginova 1990</ref>): the west Palaearctic C. pyricola and C. pyrisuga, and the native Psylla nigrella Konovalova.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In summary, 27 nominal species of pear psyllids are currently known from China type=""bibr"" target=""#b48"">(Li 2011;</ref> type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Luo et al. 2012)</ref>, three from Japan","<ref type=""bibr"">(Inoue 2010;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">Inoue et al. 2012)</ref>, six from Korea <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b60"">(Park 1996;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Cho &amp; Lee 2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b44"">Kwon et al. 2016)</ref>, three from the Russian Far East <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Gegechkori &amp; Loginova 1990</ref>) and eight valid species from the west Palaearctic, Middle East and Central Asia <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Burckhardt &amp; Hodkinson 1986</ref>) (Table <ref type=""table"">1</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : N,"Despite previous taxonomic revisions <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Burckhardt &amp; Hodkinson 1986;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Luo et al. 2012)</ref>, species identification of pear psyllids remains difficult and the literature is plagued with misidentifications.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In general, the significance of seasonal dimorphism has not been taken sufficiently into account, the names of west Palaearctic taxa have been used uncritically and relationships between faunas from different countries have been ignored.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The purpose of this study is to revise the taxonomy of Japanese and Korean pear psyllids and to compare them with Chinese, Russian and west Palaearctic taxa.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,location_vector,insect_mentioned,neutral,9,73,Inoue 2010) and Korea (Shinji 1944
2021_Moreno_Psyllids_as_major_vectors_of_plant_pathogens.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Psyllids as major vectors of plant pathogens,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1127/entomologia/2021/1289</idno>","lang=""en""","<head n=""1"" xml:id=""_pwMmjCn"">Introduction: the economic impact of psyllids as vectors of plant diseases</head>","A very important feature that psyllids share with aphids is that they are phloem-feeders, although their feeding strategy differs from that of aphids as they do not make brief intracellular stylet punctures in superficial leaf tissues prior to the intercellular penetration into phloem sieve elements <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Bonani et al. 2010;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b123"">Pearson et al. 2014;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">Antolinez et al. 2017a)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,This is probably one of the reasons why they do not transmit plant viruses but are efficient vectors of phloem-limited bacteria and phytoplasmas.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Among the species considered as agricultural pests, only few are known vectors of plant pathogens <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">(Burckhardt 1994)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Their economic importance has risen in the past 20 years probably due to globalization (increasing trade of plant material over the world) and also due to global warming that facilitates the expansion and adaptation of psyllid pests into new habitats and geographical regions,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b45"">(Fereres 2015)</ref>",.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Psyllids are vectors of economically important phytoplasma diseases of fruit trees such as pear decline (PD), apple proliferation, and European stone fruit yellows <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Bertaccini et al. 2019)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"All these diseases are transmitted by a single genus: Cacopsylla spp., and are mainly restricted to the Paleartic regions.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Cacopsylla melanoneura (Foerster 1848; Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and C. picta (Foerster 1848; Hemiptera: Psyllidae) are well-known vectors of apple proliferation phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma mali; <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b145"">Tedeschi &amp; Alma 2004;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">Bertaccini et al. 2019)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | disease-impact,not_in_citation,neutral,1,33,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Fereres, A. (2015). Insect vectors as drivers of plant virus emer- gence. Current Opinion in Virology, 10, 42-46. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.008</note>"
2004_Seemuller_Candidatus Phytoplasma.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,"‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively","<idno type=""DOI"">10.1099/ijs.0.02823-0</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_BhFm4pk"">METHODS</head>",One clone was sequenced from each of strains AP1/93 and ESFY-G2.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Sequence evaluation, including manual alignment, was done by using the software package HUSAR (Biocomputing Service Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Gaps and ambiguities were removed from the final dataset.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses were conducted by using the neighbour-joining program of the genetic analysis software MEGA, version 2.1","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b37"">(Kumar et al., 2001)</ref>",.,for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,The data were resampled 500 times and bootstrap percentage values are given at the nodes of the tree.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Phylogenetic distances were calculated by pairwise comparison.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Numbering of nucleotide positions corresponds to that of the 16S rRNA gene of aster yellows phytoplasma strain OAY <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b42"">(Lim &amp; Sears, 1989)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,usage,identification_pathogen | phylogeny_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,9,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Kumar, S., Tamura, K., Jakobsen, I. B. &amp; Nei, M. (2001). MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetic analysis software. Bioinformatics 17, 1244-1245.</note>"
2021_Gallinger_Specialized_16SrX_phytoplasmas_.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_bhbswBz"">DNA extraction of phytoplasmas</head>",DNA from leaves and phloem scrapings was isolated using a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extraction method.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"The applied method for extraction of nucleic acids from woody plants with modifications from Appendix 1 of EPPO diagnostic protocols for the detection of phytoplasmas [82,83] is based on Doyle and Doyle <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b82"">[84]</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Due to irregular distribution of 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,P. pyri' in the apex,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b83"">[85]</ref>",", in part infection status of pear trees was confirmed by extraction of phloem scrapings from shoots of PD inoculated trees, in addition to extraction of leaf tissue from mass flow measurements.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Leaves and phloem scrapings were ground in preheated extraction buffer (60˚C, 2.5% (w/v) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, 1.4 M NaCl, 20 mM EDTA, 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone 40, 0.2% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol (with a tissue/buffer ratio 1:10; 0.1 g of tissue in 1 ml buffer) using a homogenizer (BIOREBA AG, Reinach, Switzerland) in extraction bags (BIOREBA AG).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Homogenate (1 ml) was transferred into a microcentrifuge tube and incubated at 60˚C for 30 min.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"An equal volume of chloroform was added, the tube was briefly vortexed and shaken for 5 min at room temperature.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,neutral,other | sampling_pathogen,not_in_citation,neutral,1,2,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Seemu ¨ller E, Kunze L, Schaper U. Colonization behavior of MLO, and symptom expression of prolifera- tion-diseased apple trees and decline-diseased pear trees over a period of several years. J. Plant Dis. Protect. 1984; 91, 525-532.</note>"
2018_Akbar_The first record of pear psylla Ca1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,The first record of pear psylla <i>Cacopsylla bidens</i> (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from India along with notes on seasonal occurrence and some elements of its biology,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1080/00305316.2017.1378598</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_vjCBc5n"">Introduction</head>","The effects of host elicitors, predation rates and rates of feeding antixenosis are also significantly different among pear varieties <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Emami et al. 2014;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b2"">Bell 2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">Cooper and Horton 2015)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Psyllids or 'jumping plant lices <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Chinery 1993</ref>)' are small phytophagous, phloem-feeding insects and together with aphids, coccids and whiteflies form the monophyletic Stenorrhyncha within Hemiptera.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Psyllids include several major pests of pear throughout the world <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">(Burckhardt and Hodkinson 1986)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,More than 33 psyllid species infest cultivated pear trees around the world with the taxonomic status of most of them still not clear,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Burckhardt 1994;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">Luo et al. 2012)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Indian psyllids of Pyrus detailed by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">Mathur (1975)</ref> have similar confusion with regard to their identification <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">(Burckhardt and Hodkinson 1986)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"From Western Himalayas, nothing much has been published about the taxonomy of these insects.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Several previous authors have accepted the idea that the Cacopsylla species present from the region is Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster, 1848) <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">(Ahmed and Ahmed 2013;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">Abrol 2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">Mahendiran et al. 2016</ref>).",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,weakness,relation_insect_plant,not_in_citation,neutral,2,19,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Burckhardt D. 1994. Psylloid pests of temperate and subtropical crop and ornamental plants (Hemiptera, Psylloidea): a review. Entomology (Trends in Agricultural Science). 2:173-186.</note>"
2019_Jarausch_ESFY_Cacopsylla pruni_Germany.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows in Germany: the role of wild Prunus spinosa,"<idno type=""DOI"">.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01669-3</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_6P577ta"">Discussion</head><p xml:id=""_NNdVJsz""><s xml:id=""_D4vu2CR"">European stone fruit yellows is a quarantine disease which is regulated in Europe and other countries.</s><s xml:id=""_Sx3twzu"">It is reported from 11 EU and six non-EU countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Rf7PRm8"">None of these countries declares the disease to be 'widespread' probably because country-wide monitorings are missing.</s><s xml:id=""_CCSRePk"">ESFY was first described in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b8"">(Chabrolin 1924</ref>) and a survey in France with molecular means showed that it was found in all areas tested <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_9fnzRDZ"">ESFY is well studied in southern countries with important apricot and peach growing where it causes large economic losses <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>, however, its distribution in northern countries with only local apricot growing areas is largely unknown.</s><s xml:id=""_ZTaee5s"">Germany is considered to be at the Northern border of ESFY distribution <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_qNuJ4b5"">Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study with regard to the quarantine status of ESFY the nationwide distribution in Germany, in particular if ESFY-free regions exist in Germany or whether the disease is endemic.</s></p><p xml:id=""_pDxYjpE""><s xml:id=""_Hfn6XAk"">Although European stone fruit yellows was first described in Germany in 1992 <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b29"">(Lederer and Seemüller 1992)</ref>, the distribution of this quarantine disease was largely unknown.</s><s xml:id=""_Aj4U8Rb"">We conducted first surveys since 2000 in stone fruit orchards in Southwest Germany and found high infections in apricot orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_TgnFVyp"">ESFY was also detected in peach and European plum orchards as well as in almond grown for flowering <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_WPjFNc2"">We also confirmed the presence of C. pruni in Germany and proved by transmission trials its vector capacity <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_SZgVhm4"">During these surveys ESFY was detected only in one case also in wild Prunus cerasifera adjacent to stone fruit orchards.</s><s xml:id=""_AxSJYY7"">Thus, the question whether this quarantine pathogen was introduced into the orchards by latently infected planting material or by natural spread from the wild habitats remained unanswered.</s></p><p xml:id=""_qXkSVfn""><s xml:id=""_wuqdUyb"">To test for ESFY-free regions, samples were mainly obtained from non-stone fruit growing regions and wild habitats.</s><s xml:id=""_Fcnp5cJ"">As in addition cultured Prunus from orchards or planted cultivations like almonds for flowering were tested, the obtained result is a first nationwide overview of the distribution of ESFY in wild and cultured habitats.</s></p><p xml:id=""_zPRFRSf""><s xml:id=""_2v3SnR2"">Our data clearly demonstrate that ESFY is endemic in Germany.</s><s xml:id=""_BsnsbXQ"">It was not only found in major stone fruit growing regions but also in wild habitats far from any stone fruit growing.</s><s xml:id=""_HsXm7wC"">As the vector, C. pruni, is also widespread in Germany, a natural cycle of ESFY maintenance in wild Prunus is guaranteed.</s><s xml:id=""_3a9E3MX"">C. pruni is a European and Central Asian species which is known from almost all of Europe <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_tMcEhcR"">'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_b4QcrNw"">P. prunorum' might have been introduced to Europe from Asia along with the susceptible Prunus species like apricot and peach but ESFY has never been reported outside Europe apart from Asia Minor and North Africa.</s><s xml:id=""_yaRcK8B"">Our data strongly support the hypothesis that ESFY is an endemic European disease with a natural cycle including wild Prunus.</s><s xml:id=""_UCyHFc3"">As these wild autochtonous European Prunus like P. spinosa and P. cerasifera are tolerant to the disease, a coevolution between pathogen and plant host can be assumed.</s><s xml:id=""_cVW9DAU"">In Germany, the dominant and most widespread wild Prunus species is P. spinosa.</s><s xml:id=""_EmNEDUD"">This plant does not show any symptoms of ESFY <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">Jarausch et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"">this work)</ref> but can be infected.</s><s xml:id=""_9YDKCVZ"">It has to be regarded as less susceptible.</s><s xml:id=""_RbaYBrs"">In addition, it is the preferred host plant of C. pruni <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b28"">(Lauterer 1999</ref>) and accordingly, we found C. pruni on every P. spinosa testedsometimes at high population densities.</s><s xml:id=""_XM67Qh6"">This is supported by data from <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">Carraro et al. (2002)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> or <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">Maier et al. (2013)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_SXGU8Ya""><s xml:id=""_vFKwEU9"">ESFY is widespread in wild habitats as we found in our random sampling a mean infection rate of about 14% and a nationwide distribution of infected plants.</s><s xml:id=""_Sp9N67v"">This is in the range of local infection rates of wild P. spinosa reported from other countries: 25% infections were found in France <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b6"">(Carraro et al. 2002)</ref>, 12% in Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> only between 1 and 2%.</s><s xml:id=""_cP8x9Yc"">This confirms our previous results <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a, b)</ref>, only in heavily infected apricot orchards infection rates of up to 5% were found <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_NAUfzhv"">Similar low infection rates were observed in France by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b21"">Jarausch et al. (2001)</ref>, <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b54"">Yvon et al. (2004)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b50"">Thébaud et al. (2008)</ref> or in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b14"">(Etropolska et al. 2015)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_aMFJyGa"">By contrast, much higher infection rates were reported from Austria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b33"">(Maier et al. 2013)</ref> and Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Carraro et al. 2004)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Tenr6Pd"">Despite this low infection rate infected remigrants represent a high risk for susceptible stone fruit orchards as the univoltine species overwinters on conifers <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b17"">(Jarausch and Jarausch 2016;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">Gallinger and Gross 2018)</ref> and remigrates to Prunus in early spring <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. 2009)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_DCmDNRn"">At this time the individuals are highly infectious <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007a;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">Thébaud et al. 2009</ref>) and the dispersal in the orchard is more or less randomly on a regional scale <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b49"">(Thébaud et al. 2006</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b51"">(Thébaud et al. , 2009))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_rBUgGn9"">Accordingly, we found high infection rates in susceptible stone fruits like apricot and Japanese plum confirming previous data from Southwest Germany <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. 2007b</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008) )</ref> as well as from other countries <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b34"">(Marcone et al. 2010</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b35"">(Marcone et al. , 2011))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_QEmbsfm"">Our nationwide data confirm also the relatively low infection rate of the highly susceptible peach <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">(Jarausch et al. 1998</ref><ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch et al. , 2007a</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b24"">(Jarausch et al. , 2008))</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_sQE8Hgu"">A new finding for Germany is ESFY infection of sweet cherry.</s><s xml:id=""_XC2KRkn"">In general, phytoplasma decline diseases of sweet and sour cherry remain unclear as different phytoplasmas have been found to be associated <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Paltrinieri et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011</ref>).</s><s xml:id=""_2D2srDV"">An ESFY-related decline in sweet cherry was first observed in the Southwestern part of France and was called 'Molières disease' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(Bernhard et al. 1977)</ref> but turned out by molecular means to be a stolbur type <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch, personal comm.)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HVYU5TM"">However, 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_cfQ28ha"">P. prunorum' infection of sweet and sour cherry was confirmed in few declining trees in Czech Republic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Ludvíková et al. 2011</ref>) and in North-Central Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">(Paltrinieri et al. 2001)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_w3dyD6q"">In contrast, experimental inoculations of thirteen sweet cherry cultivars with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_RMWac3s"">P. prunorum' demonstrated a high level of resistance in P. avium <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Jarausch et al. 1999)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_Kc6z8EH"">We found two isolated cases of sudden decline in sweet cherry and could confirm infection with 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_5aBcBRs"">P. prunorum' with ESFY-specific primers.</s><s xml:id=""_eWUrjFS"">This indicates rather a hypersensitivity to 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_M43pgVG"">P. prunorum' than a high resistance.</s><s xml:id=""_YB77Q3z""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b43"">Sauvion et al. (2007)</ref> and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">Peccoud et al. (2013)</ref> hypothesised the existence of two species of C. pruni based on genetic analyses.</s><s xml:id=""_Sf2udsC"">These two C. pruni types A and B can easily be distinguished by a triplex PCR.</s><s xml:id=""_tJeWW2S"">However, it remains unclear whether both types can transmit 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_CkPBKsz"">P. prunorum' as transmission trials have been conducted before the identification of the two types.</s><s xml:id=""_zCNEXv5"">In Southern France both types coexist and might have been used in transmission trials <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Peccoud et al. 2013)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_qPmte4Q"">We made an exhaustive molecular typing of the C. pruni captured all over Germany and found with one exception only C. pruni B-type.</s><s xml:id=""_879pDnB"">The exception is a recent finding of A-type next to the French border.</s><s xml:id=""_RC4WQ4R"">The A-type was for the first time found in a northern country outside of France.</s><s xml:id=""_VrkTSJp"">We therefore can conclude that our previous transmission trials have been carried out with the B-type.</s><s xml:id=""_d3eWxUW"">The B-type is also the dominant type across Europe <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b40"">(Peccoud et al. 2013</ref>) and has been recently reported to be the only type found in Bulgaria <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b15"">(Etropolska et al. 2016)</ref>.</s></p><p xml:id=""_sVqpTbc""><s xml:id=""_HkwS9DU"">Also the phytoplasma is not homogenous.</s><s xml:id=""_dcYQ57a"">Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the marker genes imp, aceF, pnp and secY revealed at least 34 different haplotypes within the species 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_xEdSgPT"">P. prunorum' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">(Danet et al. 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_BFsXxu5"">Moreover, differences in strain virulence were described by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b27"">Kison and Seemüller (2001)</ref> and others.</s><s xml:id=""_MhjGuzX""><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref> and recently <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> could correlate the aceF type A6 to hypo-virulent strains which induce no or only mild symptoms in Prunus.</s><s xml:id=""_cMgc4wB"">We contributed 22 German isolates covering 5 stone fruit growing regions with 16 apricot or peach orchards to the MLST analysis of <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b11"">Danet et al. (2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_ZGMhA2b"">Eight different haplotypes of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_eAgcaMr"">P. prunorum' were identified.</s><s xml:id=""_4NfFwYW"">The main haplotype aceF A3-pnp P1-imp I1-secY S1 was found in all regions and was identified by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">Dermastia et al. (2018)</ref> as founder haplotype of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_fseB7jN"">P. prunorum'.</s><s xml:id=""_z7DW7Ya"">The dominant aceF types in Europe (A3 and A8) were also dominant in German isolates.</s><s xml:id=""_zTyeyVS"">The major imp type I1 in Europe accounted also for 77% of the German isolates.</s><s xml:id=""_mQrXCSe"">By contrast, the two A6 types identified in the analysis originated both from symptomatic trees indicating that this marker alone is not sufficient to characterize hypo-virulent strains <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b13"">(Dermastia et al. 2018)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_yzDMznZ"">We conclude that the genetic variability of the German isolates of 'Ca.</s><s xml:id=""_h9q8UwP"">P. prunorum' has no impact on our results as it does not differ from other European regions.</s></p><p xml:id=""_nXKMUgW""><s xml:id=""_3ZWJKBK"">We believe that our results are representative for central European countries.</s><s xml:id=""_vqMGqyu"">E.g., ESFY has been reported to be widely present in Czech Republic <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001)</ref> and Poland <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b9"">(Cieślińska 2011)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_HGNF8yK"">There is no reason to exclude natural ESFY infections also in northern countries like Scandinavian countries where P. spinosa and C. pruni are present <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b47"">(Steffek et al. 2012)</ref>.</s><s xml:id=""_6wkukaD"">Thus, ESFY should no longer be regarded as a quarantine pest.</s><s xml:id=""_zzUQuDU"">Our results have also important consequences for the protection of orchards planted with susceptible crops like apricot and peaches.</s><s xml:id=""_tyBQnyD"">Infection sources are not only infected trees inside the orchard but have to be looked for rather outside in the wild environment.</s><s xml:id=""_9vBURa2"">Control of incoming C. pruni remigrants in spring is therefore of paramount importance.</s></p></div><figure xmlns=""http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"" xml:id=""fig_0""><head>Fig. 1</head>",A new finding for Germany is ESFY infection of sweet cherry.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"In general, phytoplasma decline diseases of sweet and sour cherry remain unclear as different phytoplasmas have been found to be associated <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b39"">Paltrinieri et al. 2008;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b10"">Cieślińska and Morgaś 2011</ref>).",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"An ESFY-related decline in sweet cherry was first observed in the Southwestern part of France and was called 'Molières disease' <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b3"">(Bernhard et al. 1977)</ref> but turned out by molecular means to be a stolbur type <ref type=""bibr"">(Jarausch, personal comm.)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"However, 'Ca. P. prunorum' infection of sweet and sour cherry was confirmed in few declining trees in Czech Republic type=""bibr"" target=""#b36"">(Navrátil et al. 2001;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b32"">Ludvíková et al. 2011</ref>",") and in North-Central Italy <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b38"">(Paltrinieri et al. 2001)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"In contrast, experimental inoculations of thirteen sweet cherry cultivars with 'Ca.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"P. prunorum' demonstrated a high level of resistance in P. avium <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">(Jarausch et al. 1999)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,We found two isolated cases of sudden decline in sweet cherry and could confirm infection with 'Ca.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoXY,location_disease,not_in_citation,negative,3,67,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Ludvíková, H., Fránová, J., &amp; Jana Suchá, J. (2011). Phytoplasmas in apricot, peach and sour cherry orchards in East Bohemia, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Insectology, 64(Supplement), S67-S68.</note>"
"1968_Griggs_Development of young pear trees with different root stocks in relation to psylla infestation, pear decline and leaf curl.grobid.tei.xml",journalArticle,"Development of young pear trees with different root stocks in relation to psylla infestation, pear decline and leaf curl",NEITHER DOI NOR PMID,"lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_5eZ4v7M"">INTRODUCTION</head>","Calif'ernia experiments confirmed the susceptibility of trees with P. serotina (Griggs et al., 1962; Ryugo, 1963; Shalla et al., 1963; Gonzales et al., 1963; Jensen and Erwin, 1963; Jensen et al., 1964), and P. ussuriensis seedling rootstocks <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b20"">(Shalla et al., 1963)</ref> to decline.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Trees with Bartlett seedling <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Gonzales et al., 1963)</ref> Winter Nelis seedling <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Jensen and Erwin, 1963)</ref>, and P. colleruoma seedling stocks <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">(Jensen and Erwin, 1963)</ref>, and trees with selfrooted Old Home stocks <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b7"">(Gonzales et al., 1963)</ref> were resistant to decline.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"Selfrooted Old Home trees <ref type=""bibr"">(Griggs and Harmann, 1960;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b12"">Jensen and Erwin, 1963</ref>) also were resistant.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,Blodgett ei ale,"<ref type=""bibr"">(1962)</ref>","noted that the frequency and severity of pear decline symptoms did not vary with the scion varieties (Bartlett, Anjou, Hardy, Farmingdale, Flemish Beauty) or with the origin of budwood.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"On the other hand, Westwood et ale <ref type=""bibr"">(1963)</ref> found that, with the same types of rootstocks, Bartlett was most susceptible to decline; Anjou was intermediate, and Comice was least susceptible.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"Although pear decline has been associated mainly with trees with P. serotina, P. ussuriensis or imported P. communis rootstocks, the dis-ease has been reported in at least a small percentage of trees with any of the commonly used rootstocks.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,"<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">Batjer and Schneider (1960)</ref> , Blodgett et ale <ref type=""bibr"">(1962)</ref>, and <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">Westwood and Lombard (1966)</ref> reported decline in trees with Bartlett seedling rootstocks.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoXY,relation_pathogen_plant,not_in_citation,negative,1,36,NO TARGET FOUND
2018_Akbar_The first record of pear psylla Ca1.grobid.tei.xml,journalArticle,The first record of pear psylla <i>Cacopsylla bidens</i> (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from India along with notes on seasonal occurrence and some elements of its biology,"<idno type=""DOI"">10.1080/00305316.2017.1378598</idno>","lang=""en""","<head xml:id=""_vjCBc5n"">Introduction</head>","More than 33 psyllid species infest cultivated pear trees around the world with the taxonomic status of most of them still not clear <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b4"">(Burckhardt 1994;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b16"">Luo et al. 2012)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"Indian psyllids of Pyrus detailed by <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b19"">Mathur (1975)</ref> have similar confusion with regard to their identification <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b5"">(Burckhardt and Hodkinson 1986)</ref>.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"From Western Himalayas, nothing much has been published about the taxonomy of these insects.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"Several previous authors have accepted the idea that the Cacopsylla species present from the region is Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster, 1848)","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b1"">(Ahmed and Ahmed 2013;</ref>","<ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b0"">Abrol 2015;</ref><ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b18"">Mahendiran et al. 2016</ref>).",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : Y ; for_vector_class : Y ; for_sentiment : Y,"However, there are no reliable distributional records of this species from India <ref type=""bibr"" target=""#b23"">(Ouvrard 2017)</ref>.",for_function : Y ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : Y,"During the present study, it is found that the species on Pyrus communis in Kashmir valley is C. bidens.",for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,This constitutes the first record of the species from India.,for_function : N ; for_biology_class : N ; for_vector_class : N ; for_sentiment : N,CoCoXY,location_vector,Y | unconfirmed,negative,3,19,"<note type=""raw_reference"">Ahmed N, Ahmed T. 2013. Fruits related problems and their management in Rajouri District of Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 12:65-75.</note>"
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