(**************************************************************) (* Copyright Dominique Larchey-Wendling [*] *) (* *) (* [*] Affiliation LORIA -- CNRS *) (**************************************************************) (* This file is distributed under the terms of the *) (* Mozilla Public License Version 2.0, MPL-2.0 *) (**************************************************************)

Friedman-TREE

In this small project, depending on Coq-Kruskal in an essential way, we build Harvey Friedman's tree(n) and TREE(n) fast growing functions.

Reminders:

```coq

Fixpoint listsum {X} (f : X → nat) l := match l with | [] => 0 | x :: l => f x + listsum l end.

(** Reminder: idx m ≃ {0,...,m-1}. vec X m are vectors of carrier type X and length m If v : vec X m and i : idx m, then vᵢ is the i-th component of v *)

Inductive idx : nat → Type. Inductive vec : Type → nat → Type. ```

The Friedman tree(n) function

The Friedman tree(n) function is informally defined as the largest natural number m for which there is a sequence of length m of undecorated rose trees [t₁;...;tₘ] such that: 1. the number of nodes of those trees are 1+n,...,m+n respectivelly; 2. the sequence is bad for the homeomorphic embedding ≤ₕ.

Formally in Coq, this gives the following specification and the theorem Friedman_tree_spec established in tree.v: ```coq Inductive rtree : Type := ⟨ _ ⟩ᵣ : list rtree → rtree.

Inductive rtreehomeoembed : rtree → rtree → Prop := | rtreehomeoembedsubt s t l : t ∈ l → s ≤ₕ t → s ≤ₕ ⟨l⟩ᵣ | rtreehomeoembedroot l m : listembed rtreehomeoembed l m → ⟨l⟩ᵣ ≤ₕ ⟨m⟩ᵣ where "s ≤ₕ t" := (rtreehomeo_embed s t).

Definition rtreesize : rtree → nat. Notation "⌊ t ⌋ᵣ" := (rtreesize t).

Fact rtreesizefix l : ⌊⟨l⟩ᵣ⌋ᵣ = 1 + listsum rtreesize l.

Definition Friedman_tree : nat → nat.

Theorem Friedmantreespec n : ∀m, m ≤ Friedman_tree n ↔ ∃ t : vec rtree m, (∀i, ⌊tᵢ⌋ᵣ = 1+i+n) ∧ (∀ i j, i < j → ¬ tᵢ ≤ₕ tⱼ). ```

The essential argument to built the value Friedman_tree n is to show that there is a length m such that any sequence of trees [t₁;...;tₘ] of increasing sizes (as specified above) is good for the homeomorphic embedding ≤ₕ: - first, using Kruskal's theorem in its (equivalent) formulation using inductive bars, any (ever expending) sequence of trees is bound to become ≤ₕ-good; - second, at any given value s, the trees which have size s are finitely many; - hence, we build the "set" of size increasing sequences of trees as a finitary FAN, ie a finite collection of choice sequences; - then, applying the FAN theorem for inductive bars, all the size increasing sequences are bound to become ≤ₕ-good uniformly, ie all simultaneously; - the point m where all the size increasing sequences of length m become ≤ₕ-good is the needed value.

Since, the spec of Friedman_tree n is decidable, anti-monotonic and bounded (by the above m), the value Friedman_tree n can be computed by linear search using a variant of Constructive Epsilon.

Notice that our implementation is axiom free, hence purely constructive. Compared to the argument developed in Wikipedia, we here use a constructive version of Kruskal's theorem from Kruskal-Theorems, and we replace Koenig's lemma with the FAN theorem for inductive bars as established constructivelly also in Kruskal-FAN.

The Friedman TREE(n) function

The Friedman TREE(n) function is insanely fast growing function of which the termination proof depends on the proof of Kruskal's tree theorem itself. The construction we perfom in Coq is similar to the previous one but operates on rose trees decorated with the finite type idx n ≃ [1,...,n] where n is the parameter of Friedman_TREE n. The construction of Friedman_TREE and the theorem Friedman_TREE_spec are performed in TREE.v:

```coq Definition ntree (n : nat) := ltree (idx n). Notation "⟨i|l⟩ₗ" := (ltree_node i l).

Definition ntreesize {n} : ntree n → nat := @ltreesize . Notation "⌊ t ⌋ₙ" := (ntreesize t). Fact ntreesizefix i l : ⌊⟨i,l⟩ₗ⌋ₙ = 1 + listsum ntreesize l.

Definition ntreeembed {n} : rel₂ (ntree n) := ltreehomeoembed (@eq _). Notation "l ≤ₕ m" := (ntreehomeo_embed l m).

Definition Friedman_TREE : nat → nat.

Theorem FriedmanTREEspec n : ∀m, m ≤ Friedman_TREE n ↔ ∃ t : vec (ntree n) m, (∀i, ⌊tᵢ⌋ₙ ≤ 1+i) ∧ (∀ i j, i < j → ¬ tᵢ ≤ₕ tⱼ). ```