mbtii-meta-behavioral-thought-integration-indicators

The Meta-Behavioral Thought Integration Indicators: MBTII—pronounced MBT

https://github.com/andylehti/mbtii-meta-behavioral-thought-integration-indicators

Science Score: 31.0%

This score indicates how likely this project is to be science-related based on various indicators:

  • CITATION.cff file
    Found CITATION.cff file
  • codemeta.json file
    Found codemeta.json file
  • .zenodo.json file
  • DOI references
  • Academic publication links
  • Academic email domains
  • Institutional organization owner
  • JOSS paper metadata
  • Scientific vocabulary similarity
    Low similarity (8.9%) to scientific vocabulary
Last synced: 10 months ago · JSON representation ·

Repository

The Meta-Behavioral Thought Integration Indicators: MBTII—pronounced MBT

Basic Info
  • Host: GitHub
  • Owner: andylehti
  • Language: Python
  • Default Branch: main
  • Homepage:
  • Size: 207 KB
Statistics
  • Stars: 1
  • Watchers: 1
  • Forks: 0
  • Open Issues: 0
  • Releases: 0
Created over 1 year ago · Last pushed about 1 year ago
Metadata Files
Readme Citation

README.md

What MBTI and TPF does and does not do

MBTI does not determine if you are:

  • tidy or organized
  • open- or closed-minded
  • mature or immature
  • empathetic or compassionate
  • respectful or kind
  • assertive or polite
  • responsible or disciplined
  • adaptable or conscientious
  • driven or creative
  • introverted or extroverted (beyond the basic E/I dimension)
  • ethical or strategic
  • wise or insightful
  • socially skilled or intelligent

MBTI, however, does indicate aspects of how you:

  • process information
  • make decisions
  • approach structure
  • direct your energy
  • prioritize logic
  • handle conflict and disagreement
  • view authority and hierarchy
  • manage personal space and privacy
  • approach long-term goals
  • react to stress
  • balance efficiency and experience
  • seek harmony or clarity

TPF restructures the framework to be backwards compatible

The TPF prioritized the availability of data, and categorizes the 16 personality types into distinct profiles, employing data science and neuroscience to identify brain regions most active in response to interests, dislikes, and behaviors. This categorization relies on profile data from Reddit users who predominantly align with one personality type, as identified through specific metrics and three models analyzing text and interests. Both immature and mature mindsets were evaluated, leading to the discovery of three mature mindsets. Findings indicated that each group demonstrated open-mindedness within their social circles but showed closed-mindedness toward others. Overall, five mindsets emerged: the Abstractualist, Peripheralist, Rotationalist, Lateralist, and Centralist (-V, -P, -R, -L, -C).

In addition, the V, R, and L mindset types include indicators from 0 to 2, where each value points toward a different influence:

  • 0 = Toward P
  • 1 = Toward C
  • 2 = General consideration to multiple orientations (neither strongly aligned with P nor C)

Each mindset has a primary letter and an optional secondary indicator. The primary letter represents the dominant mindset, while the secondary number (if present) indicates a slight leaning toward another influence. A single letter alone represents a pure form of that mindset without secondary influences.

The complete list includes:

  1. P0 (P with influence toward P)
  2. P1 (P with influence toward C)
  3. V0 (V with influence toward P)
  4. V1 (V with influence toward C)
  5. V2 (V with general consideration to multiple orientations)
  6. R0 (R with influence toward P)
  7. R1 (R with influence toward C)
  8. R2 (R with general consideration to multiple orientations)
  9. L0 (L with influence toward P)
  10. L1 (L with influence toward C)
  11. L2 (L with general consideration to multiple orientations)
  12. C (Centralist Mindset)

This structure results in 12 distinct combinations, with each primary mindset optionally influenced by P, C, or a broader range of considerations.

These thinking patterns can influence tendencies to develop certain behaviors based on how you naturally process and respond to the world, linked to specific brain regions. This framework allows for understanding a spectrum of interests, traits, and work styles—not as a justification for negative behaviors, but as a guide to improve them.

Precautionary

⚠ WARNING: Preliminary Research - Not Final or Verified

This document contains hypotheses or preprint data that have not undergone extensive testing. The information presented should be considered exploratory and is subject to change as further research is conducted.

Important Notes:

  • Findings, data, and conclusions presented here are preliminary and may be incomplete or unverified.
  • Further review, validation, and replication are required before the results can be considered reliable.
  • This material should not be used to guide critical decisions, actions, or applications without further confirmation from additional studies.

Disclaimer: This research is in an early stage of development and may be significantly revised. It does not represent an established consensus or final conclusion in the respective field.

Change Notes

Since there have been significant changes in the last month not reflective here, they will not be listed, but some major ones to consider

  1. ~~Perceiving is now Perjective Thinking~~
  2. Judging is now Conjective Thinking
  3. Thinking is now Cognitive Thinking
  4. Feeling is now Affective Thinking
  5. Introversion is now Internal Thinking
  6. Extroversion is now External Thinking
  7. Perjective is now Perspective Thinking
  8. Perspective (P) is Evolutionary
  9. Conjective (J) is Revolutionary

Base Understanding

| Category | Specific Function/Activity | Brain Regions Involved | Key References | |------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Memory | Episodic Memory | Hippocampus, Entorhinal Cortex, CA1 Region of the Hippocampus | Eichenbaum, 2017; Squire, 1992 | | | Working Memory | Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA 46), Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA 44/45), Parietal Cortex (BA 7) | Baddeley, 2000; Goldman-Rakic, 1995 | | | Procedural Memory | Basal Ganglia (Putamen), Cerebellum | Squire, 1992; Doyon & Benali, 2005 | | Language | Speech Production | Broca’s Area (BA 44/45), Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), Basal Temporal Area | Broca, 1861; Hickok & Poeppel, 2007 | | | Language Comprehension | Wernicke’s Area (BA 22), Angular Gyrus (BA 39), Superior Temporal Gyrus | Wernicke, 1874; Binder et al., 2009 | | | Reading | Visual Word Form Area (VWFA, in the Fusiform Gyrus), Angular Gyrus, Inferior Frontal Gyrus | Cohen et al., 2002; Dehaene et al., 2005 | | Executive Function | Decision Making | Orbitofrontal Cortex (BA 11), Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (BA 10), Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BA 32) | Bechara et al., 1997; Rushworth et al., 2004 | | | Inhibitory Control | Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus (BA 44/45), Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BA 32), Subthalamic Nucleus | Aron et al., 2004; Hampshire et al., 2010 | | | Cognitive Flexibility | Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA 9/46), Parietal Cortex (BA 7), Basal Ganglia | Diamond, 2013; Cools & D'Esposito, 2011 | | Sensory Processing | Visual Processing | Primary Visual Cortex (V1, BA 17), Extrastriate Cortex (V2, V3), Fusiform Gyrus (BA 37) | Hubel & Wiesel, 1962; Kanwisher et al., 1997 | | | Auditory Processing | Primary Auditory Cortex (A1, BA 41/42), Superior Temporal Gyrus (BA 22), Planum Temporale | Rauschecker & Scott, 2009; Mesulam, 1990 | | | Somatosensory Processing | Primary Somatosensory Cortex (BA 1/2/3), Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (BA 5/7) | Mountcastle, 1997; Johansen-Berg et al., 2004 | | Motor Control | Voluntary Movement | Primary Motor Cortex (BA 4), Premotor Cortex (BA 6), Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) | Penfield & Boldrey, 1937; Rizzolatti & Luppino, 2001 | | | Fine Motor Skills | Primary Motor Cortex (BA 4), Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia | Sherrington, 1906; Ito, 2006 | | | Motor Learning | Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, Primary Motor Cortex | Doyon & Benali, 2005; Krakauer et al., 2019 | | Emotion | Emotional Regulation | Amygdala, Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (BA 10), Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BA 32) | LeDoux, 2000; Ochsner & Gross, 2005 | | | Fear Processing | Amygdala, Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex (BA 11) | Phelps et al., 2001; Adolphs, 2002 | | | Reward Processing | Nucleus Accumbens, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), Orbitofrontal Cortex (BA 11) | Schultz, 2015; Haber & Knutson, 2010 | | Spatial Navigation | Wayfinding | Hippocampus, Entorhinal Cortex (including Grid Cells), Parietal Cortex (BA 7) | O'Keefe & Nadel, 1978; Moser et al., 2008 | | | Spatial Memory | Hippocampus (CA1, CA3), Dentate Gyrus, Parahippocampal Cortex | Eichenbaum, 2017; Squire, 1992 | | | Object Location Memory | Hippocampus, Posterior Parietal Cortex (BA 7), Entorhinal Cortex | Park & Ekstrom, 2004; Burgess et al., 2002 | | Attention | Selective Attention | Temporoparietal Junction (BA 40), Frontal Eye Fields (BA 8), Superior Parietal Lobule (BA 7) | Posner & Petersen, 1990; Corbetta & Shulman, 2002 | | | Sustained Attention | Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BA 32), Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA 9), Parietal Cortex (BA 7)| Robertson et al., 1997; Sarter et al., 2001 | | | Divided Attention | Prefrontal Cortex (BA 46), Parietal Cortex (BA 7), Thalamus | Pashler, 1994; Kane & Engle, 2002 | | Social Cognition | Theory of Mind | Temporoparietal Junction (BA 39/40), Medial Prefrontal Cortex (BA 10), Temporal Poles (BA 38) | Saxe & Kanwisher, 2003; Frith & Frith, 2006 | | | Empathy | Anterior Insula, Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BA 32), Medial Prefrontal Cortex (BA 10) | Singer et al., 2004; Decety & Jackson, 2004 | | | Social Recognition | Fusiform Face Area (FFA, BA 37), Superior Temporal Sulcus (BA 22), Amygdala | Kanwisher et al., 1997; Haxby et al., 2000 | | Executive Function| Planning | Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA 9/46), Premotor Cortex (BA 6), Basal Ganglia | Shallice, 1982; Fuster, 1997 | | | Problem Solving | Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA 9/46), Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BA 32), Parietal Cortex (BA 7) | Heaton et al., 2004; Carter et al., 1998 | | Visual Processing | Object Recognition | Fusiform Gyrus (BA 37), Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC, BA 19), Inferotemporal Cortex | Kanwisher et al., 1997; Grill-Spector et al., 1998 | | | Motion Detection | Middle Temporal Area (MT/V5, BA 19), Superior Temporal Sulcus (BA 21), Parietal Cortex | Zeki, 1991; Pack & Born, 2001 | | | Color Perception | V4 Area (BA 8/19), Inferotemporal Cortex (BA 37), Ventral Stream Pathways | Zeki, 1992; Livingstone & Hubel, 1987 |

Notes:

  • BA refers to Brodmann Area, a cytoarchitectonic classification of regions in the cerebral cortex.
  • The order of brain regions reflects their relative importance or primary involvement in the specific function based on current research.
  • This table is not exhaustive but provides an overview of key brain regions associated with various cognitive and behavioral functions.

References:

  • Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(2), 169-177.
  • Aron, A. R., Poldrack, R. A., & Desmond, J. E. (2004). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 170-177.
  • Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417-423.
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 351(1346), 1413-1420.
  • Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Graves, W. W., & Conant, L. L. (2009). Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cortex, 45(1), 15-30.
  • Broca, P. (1861). Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé, suivies d’une observation d’aphémie. Bulletin de la Société Anatomique, 6, 330-357.
  • Cools, R., & D'Esposito, M. (2011). Inverted-U–shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), e113-e125.
  • Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(3), 201-215.
  • Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100.
  • Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., & Le Bihan, D. (2002). The visual word form area: spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in the normal and dyslexic brain. NeuroImage, 16(3), 735-744.
  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.
  • Doyon, J., & Benali, H. (2005). Reorganization and plasticity in the adult brain during learning of motor skills. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(2), 161-167.
  • Eichenbaum, H. (2017). On the integration of space, time, and memory. Neuron, 91(5), 1175-1189.
  • Fuster, J. M. (1997). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe. Lippincott-Raven.
  • Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2006). The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron, 50(4), 531-534.
  • Ganguli, S., & Wolfe, J. M. (2015). Categorical invariance and representation in neural populations. Neuron, 86(6), 1362-1378.
  • Goldstein, R. S., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1642-1652.
  • Gordon, E. M., McHugh, P. R., Williams, E. D., & Hampshire, A. (2013). Frontal control of spatial attention: cortical and subcortical contributions. Neuropsychologia, 51(11), 2274-2285.
  • Haber, S. N., & Knutson, B. (2010). The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 4-26.
  • Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (2004). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual: Revised and Expanded. Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(5), 393-402.
  • Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 223-233.
  • Ito, M. (2006). Cerebellar circuitry as a neuronal machine. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(7), 357-363.
  • Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302-4311.
  • Krakauer, J. W., Ghazizadeh, A., Lee, S. A., Nishimoto, S., Ghazizadeh, H., Myers, C., ... & Ivry, R. B. (2019). Reproducibility of movement trajectories, kinematics, and muscle activity in motor learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(34), 6492-6503.
  • LeDoux, J. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
  • Livingstone, M. S., & Hubel, D. H. (1987). Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth. The Journal of Neuroscience, 7(11), 3416-3468.
  • Moser, E. I., Kropff, E., & Moser, M. B. (2008). Place cells, grid cells, and the brain’s spatial representation system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 69-89.
  • Mountcastle, V. B. (1997). The columnar organization of the neocortex. Brain, 120(4), 701-722.
  • Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 242-249.
  • Park, D. C., & Ekstrom, A. D. (2004). The neural basis of spatial memory and navigation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(1), 87-99.
  • Penfield, W., & Boldrey, E. (1937). Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain, 60(4), 389-443.
  • Pashler, H. (1994). Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 116(2), 220-244.
  • Phelps, E. A., O’Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W. A., Funayama, E. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(5), 514-522.
  • Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.
  • Rauschecker, J. P., & Scott, S. K. (2009). Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nature Neuroscience, 12(6), 718-724.
  • Rushworth, M. F., Behrens, T. E., Rudebeck, P. H., & Walton, M. E. (2004). Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 170-176.
  • Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003). People thinking about thinking people: the role of the temporo-parietal junction in "theory of mind". NeuroImage, 19(4), 1835-1842.
  • Sargent, J. D., & Logothetis, N. K. (2003). Functional organization of the primate striate and extrastriate visual cortex. Trends in Neurosciences, 26(4), 218-224.
  • Sarter, M., Givens, B., & Bruno, J. P. (2001). The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up. Brain Research Reviews, 35(2), 146-160.
  • Schultz, W. (2015). Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data. Physiological Reviews, 95(3), 853-951.
  • Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 298(1089), 199-209.
  • Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303(5661), 1157-1162.
  • Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 99(2), 195-231.
  • Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science, 253(5026), 1380-1386.
  • Squire, L. R., Stark, C. E. L., & Clark, R. E. (2004). The medial temporal lobe. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 279-306.
  • Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. (1986). The frontal lobes. Bioscience Reports, 6(4), 487-511.
  • Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2003). Mapping brain asymmetry. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(1), 37-48.
  • Wernicke, C. (1874). Der aphasische Symptomencomplex: Eine psychologische Studie auf anatomischer Basis. [The aphasic symptom complex: A psychological study on an anatomical basis]. Cohn and Weigert.
  • Zeki, S. (1991). The functional anatomy of a colour centre in the human brain. Lancet, 338(8774), 143-144.
  • Zeki, S. (1992). The functional neuroanatomy of a colour center in the human brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 335(1271), 191-200.

Owner

  • Name: Andrew Lehti
  • Login: andylehti
  • Kind: user
  • Location: United States
  • Company: GitResearch

Repositories

Citation (citations.md)

# Working Citations (Uncategorized)

> a model will be developed to sort these properly for better navigation

1. **Complex Problem Solving**. (2014). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806723

2. Blanchard-Fields, F. (2007). Everyday Problem Solving and Emotion. *Current Directions in Psychological Science*, *16*(1), 26-31. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00469.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00469.x)

3. Rubin, M., Watt, S. E., & Ramelli, M. (2012). Immigrants’ social integration as a function of approach–avoidance orientation and problem-solving style. *International Journal of Intercultural Relations*, *36*(4), 498-505. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.009](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.009)

4. Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (2012). Action Identification Theory. In *Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume 1* (pp. 327-348). [https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n17](https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n17)

5. Margrett, J. A., & Marsiske, M. (2002). Gender differences in older adults’ everyday cognitive collaboration. *International Journal of Behavioral Development*, *26*(1), 45-59. [https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000319](https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000319)

6. Antonucci, T. C., Ajrouch, K. J., & Birditt, K. S. (2013). The Convoy Model: Explaining Social Relations From a Multidisciplinary Perspective. *The Gerontologist*, *54*(1), 82-92. [https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt118](https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt118)

7. Rath, J. F., Simon, D., Langenbahn, D. M., Sherr, R. L., & Diller, L. (2003). Group treatment of problem-solving deficits in outpatients with traumatic brain injury: A randomized outcome study. *Neuropsychological Rehabilitation*, *13*(4), 461-488. [https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010343000039](https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010343000039)

8. D'Zurilla, T. J., & Goldfried, M. R. (1971). Problem solving and behavior modification. *Journal of Abnormal Psychology*, *78*(1), 107-126. [https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031360](https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031360)

9. Rath, J. (2004). The construct of problem solving in higher level neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation. *Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology*, *19*(5), 613-635. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2003.08.006](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2003.08.006)

10. Rath, J. F., Hradil, A. L., Litke, D. R., & Diller, L. (2011). Clinical applications of problem-solving research in neuropsychological rehabilitation: Addressing the subjective experience of cognitive deficits in outpatients with acquired brain injury. *Rehabilitation Psychology*, *56*(4), 320-328. [https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025817](https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025817)

11. Hoppmann, C. A., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2010). Goals and everyday problem solving: Manipulating goal preferences in young and older adults. *Developmental Psychology*, *46*(6), 1433-1443. [https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020676](https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020676)

12. Ewert, P. H., & Lambert, J. F. (1932). Part II: The Effect of Verbal Instructions upon the Formation of a Concept. *The Journal of General Psychology*, *6*(2), 400-413. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1932.9711880](https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1932.9711880)

13. Armstrong, J., Denniston, W. B., & Gordon, M. M. (1975). The use of the decomposition principle in making judgments. *Organizational Behavior and Human Performance*, *14*(2), 257-263. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90028-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90028-8)

14. Ash, I. K., Jee, B. D., & Wiley, J. (2012). Investigating Insight as Sudden Learning. *The Journal of Problem Solving*, *4*(2). [https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1123](https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1123)

15. Chronicle, E. P., MacGregor, J. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2004). What Makes an Insight Problem? The Roles of Heuristics, Goal Conception, and Solution Recoding in Knowledge-Lean Problems. *Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition*, *30*(1), 14-27. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.14](https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.14)

16. Chu, Y., & MacGregor, J. N. (2011). Human Performance on Insight Problem Solving: A Review. *The Journal of Problem Solving*, *3*(2). [https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1094](https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1094)

17. Wang, Y., & Chiew, V. (2010). On the cognitive process of human problem solving. *Cognitive Systems Research*, *11*(1), 81-92. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2008.08.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2008.08.003)

18. Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. *Review of General Psychology*, *2*(2), 175-220. [https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175](https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175)

19. Hergovich, A., Schott, R., & Burger, C. (2010). Biased Evaluation of Abstracts Depending on Topic and Conclusion: Further Evidence of a Confirmation Bias Within Scientific Psychology. *Current Psychology*, *29*(3), 188-209. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-010-9087-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-010-9087-5)

20. Allen, M. (2011). Theory-led confirmation bias and experimental persona. *Research in Science & Technological Education*, *29*(1), 107-127. [https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2010.539973](https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2010.539973)

21. Wason, P. C. (1960). On the Failure to Eliminate Hypotheses in a Conceptual Task. *Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology*, *12*(3), 129-140. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17470216008416717](https://doi.org/10.1080/17470216008416717)

22. Luchins, A. S. (1942). Mechanization in problem solving: The effect of Einstellung. *Psychological Monographs*, *54*(6), i-95. [https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093502](https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093502)

23. Öllinger, M., Jones, G., & Knoblich, G. (2008). Investigating the Effect of Mental Set on Insight Problem Solving. *Experimental Psychology*, *55*(4), 269-282. [https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.4.269](https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.4.269)

24. Wiley, J. (1998). Expertise as mental set: The effects of domain knowledge in creative problem solving. *Memory & Cognition*, *26*(4), 716-730. [https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03211392](https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03211392)

25. German, T. P., & Barrett, H. C. (2005). Functional Fixedness in a Technologically Sparse Culture. *Psychological Science*, *16*(1), 1-5. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00771.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00771.x)

26. German, T. P., & Defeyter, M. A. (2000). Immunity to functional fixedness in young children. *Psychonomic Bulletin & Review*, *7*(4), 707-712. [https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03213010](https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03213010)

27. Furić, C., Calatayud, M. L., Bárcenas, S. L., & Padilla, O. M. (2000). Functional fixedness and functional reduction as common sense reasonings in chemical equilibrium and in geometry and polarity of molecules. *Science Education*, *84*(5), 545-565. [https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-237x(200009)84:5<545::aid-sce1>3.0.co;2-1](https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-237x(200009)84:5<545::aid-sce1>3.0.co;2-1)

28. Adamson, R. E. (1952). Functional fixedness as related to problem solving: A repetition of three experiments. *Journal of Experimental Psychology*, *44*(4), 288-291. [https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062487](https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062487)

29. MacGregor, J. N., Ormerod, T. C., & Chronicle, E. P. (2001). Information processing and insight: A process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems. *Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition*, *27*(1), 176-201. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.1.176](https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.1.176)

30. WALINGA, J. (2010). From Walls to Windows: Using Barriers as Pathways to Insightful Solutions. *The Journal of Creative Behavior*, *44*(3), 143-167. [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2010.tb01331.x](https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2010.tb01331.x)

31. WALINGA, J., CUNNINGHAM, J. B., & MacGREGOR, J. N. (2011). Training Insight Problem Solving Through Focus on Barriers and Assumptions. *The Journal of Creative Behavior*, *45*(1), 47-58. [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2011.tb01084.x](https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2011.tb01084.x)

32. Vlamings, P. H. J. M., Hare, B., & Call, J. (2009). Reaching around barriers: the performance of the great apes and 3–5-year-old children. *Animal Cognition*, *13*(2), 273-285. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-009-0265-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-009-0265-5)

33. Adams, G. S., Converse, B. A., Hales, A. H., & Klotz, L. E. (2021). People systematically overlook subtractive changes. *Nature*, *592*(7853), 258-261. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03380-y](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03380-y)

34. Benfey, O. T. (1958). August Kekule and the birth of the structural theory of organic chemistry in 1858. *Journal of Chemical Education*, *35*(1), 21. [https://doi.org/10.1021/ed035p21](https://doi.org/10.1021/ed035p21)

35. Guazzini, A., Vilone, D., Donati, C., Nardi, A., & Levnajić, Z. (2015). Modeling crowdsourcing as collective problem solving. *Scientific Reports*, *5*(1). [https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16557](https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16557)

36. Boroomand, A., & Smaldino, P. E. (2021). Hard Work, Risk-Taking, and Diversity in a Model of Collective Problem Solving. *Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation*, *24*(4). [https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.4704](https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.4704)

37. Stefanovitch, N., Alshamsi, A., Cebrian, M., & Rahwan, I. (2014). Error and attack tolerance of collective problem solving: The DARPA Shredder Challenge. *EPJ Data Science*, *3*(1). [https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0013-1](https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0013-1)

GitHub Events

Total
  • Watch event: 1
  • Push event: 15
Last Year
  • Watch event: 1
  • Push event: 15