coding_tools
Web tools to assist human coders with coding and tag checking
Science Score: 31.0%
This score indicates how likely this project is to be science-related based on various indicators:
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✓CITATION.cff file
Found CITATION.cff file -
✓codemeta.json file
Found codemeta.json file -
○.zenodo.json file
-
○DOI references
-
○Academic publication links
-
○Academic email domains
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○Institutional organization owner
-
○JOSS paper metadata
-
○Scientific vocabulary similarity
Low similarity (8.9%) to scientific vocabulary
Last synced: 10 months ago
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JSON representation
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Repository
Web tools to assist human coders with coding and tag checking
Basic Info
- Host: GitHub
- Owner: writecrow
- License: gpl-3.0
- Language: HTML
- Default Branch: master
- Size: 914 KB
Statistics
- Stars: 4
- Watchers: 6
- Forks: 1
- Open Issues: 0
- Releases: 0
Created over 8 years ago
· Last pushed over 5 years ago
Metadata Files
Readme
License
Citation
README.md
Coding Tools
Crow tools to assist human coders with coding and tag checking. We recommend you download these tools to your computer, and open each tool by click on the index.html file in each individual folder. If using the links provided below, make sure you wait a few seconds for your browser to load the CSS (i.e., style sheet).
Subset tag Checker for the Biber Tagger
Input file: a text file tagged with the original Biber tagger (one token per line, each line contains token and Biber tag separated by space)
Output file: tab separated text file that can be opened using Excel
The tool highlights a subset of tags. Change the regular expression in the "Regular Expression for tags" field before loading a text file. The interface calculates precision for the tags selected.
Stanford Tag Checker
Input file: a text file tagged with the Stanford Dependency Parser (CoNNL format, one token per line, each column separated by tab)
Output file: tab separated text file that can be opened using Excel
Interactive De-identifying Tool
This interface was designed to assist in manual de-identification of text files.
Input file: UTF-8 encoded text file
Output file: UTF-8 encoded text file
Crow Output Coding Tool
Input files: csv files exported (i.e., downloaded) from Crow online platform.
Output file: tab separated text file that can be opened using Excel
That tag Checker
Input files: text files tagged with Biber tagger (one token per line, each line contains token and Biber tag separated by space)
Output file: tab separated text file that can be opened using Excel
The tool highlights all "that" tags (every tag that contains that, omitted or not) and lists all possible that tags, in case the human tag checker needs to change that tag. Multiple text files can be loaded at once.
Citation Coder
Input files: plain text files with optional metadata (i.e., all information between angled brackets:
Output file: tab separated text file that can be opened using Excel
The tool separates the texts into individual sentence. Each sentence can be coded as containing a reference to an external source. Then, if that is the case, it can be codes as Integral, Non-Integral, or Hybrid. References can also be tagged
Owner
- Name: Corpus & Repository of Writing (Crow)
- Login: writecrow
- Kind: organization
- Email: collaborate@writecrow.org
- Location: Purdue University | University of Arizona
- Website: https://writecrow.org
- Twitter: writecroworg
- Repositories: 16
- Profile: https://github.com/writecrow
Crow brings together researchers at Purdue, Arizona, and other universities to create a web-based archive for writing studies.
Citation (citation_coder/index.html)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Read File (via User Input selection)</title>
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/charts/loader.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/4.2.6/d3.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
google.charts.load('current', {'packages':['table','corechart']});
var previous_element = "";
var current_sentence = "";
var currentSelection = 1;
var concordance_lines = [];
var count_sentences = 0;
var first_file_read = false;
var uri = "data:application/octet-stream," + encodeURIComponent(" ");
var ready_to_download = false;
function drawTable(array) {
var data = new google.visualization.DataTable();
var view = new google.visualization.DataView(data);
data.addColumn('string', 'Sentence #');
data.addColumn('string', 'Sentence');
data.addColumn('string', 'File Name');
data.addColumn('string', 'Code');
data.addColumn('boolean', 'Citation?');
var lines = [];
if (concordance_lines != []) {
for (j = 0; j < array.length; j++) {
lines.push([array[j][0], array[j][1] ,array[j][2],array[j][3],array[j][4]]);
}
}
data.addRows(lines);
var formatter = new google.visualization.NumberFormat({pattern: '######'});
formatter.format(data, 0);
view.setColumns([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
var table = new google.visualization.Table(document.getElementById('table_window'));
var startPage = Math.trunc(currentSelection/4);
var pageSize = 4;
google.visualization.events.addListener(table, 'ready', function () {
// add page counts to the page buttons div
var pageDiv = document.getElementsByClassName('google-visualization-table-div-page')[0];
});
table.draw(view, {page: 'enable', pageSize: pageSize, allowHtml: true, showRowNumber: true, width: '100%', height: 160, startPage: startPage});
google.visualization.events.addListener(table, 'select', selectHandler);
table.setSelection([{'row': currentSelection}]);
function selectHandler() {
var selection = table.getSelection();
for (var i = 0; i < selection.length; i++) {
var item = selection[i];
if (item.row != null) {
currentSelection = i;
var id = data.getFormattedValue(item.row, 0);
openTag(document.getElementById(id+"n"));
var moveto = parseInt(id);
if (moveto < 1) {moveto = 1};
window.location.href = "#" + moveto + "n";
}
}
}
}
/**
* Check for the various File API support.
*/
function checkFileAPI() {
if (window.File && window.FileReader && window.FileList && window.Blob) {
reader = new FileReader();
return true;
} else {
alert('The File APIs are not fully supported by your browser. Fallback required.');
return false;
}
}
/**
* read text input
*/
function readText(filePath) {
file_name = filePath.files[0].name;
document.getElementById('files_window').innerHTML += file_name+"<br>";
var output = ""; //placeholder for text output
if(filePath.files && filePath.files[0]) {
reader.onload = function (e) {
output = e.target.result;
output = output.replace(/</g,'<');
output = output.replace(/>/g,'>');
output = output.replace(/[\u201C\u201D]/g,'"');
output = output.replace(/[\u2018\u2019]/g, "'");
output = output.replace(/([;\.\!\?]"?)([A-Z][a-z]+)/g,'$1 $2');
output = output.replace(/([;\.\!\?]\s+)/g,'$1 <s>');
output = output.replace(/([\.]"\s+)/g,'$1 <s>');
output = output.replace(/([\s|,|\(]\s*para\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/([\s|,]\s*pa?g?\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/([\s|,]\s*[vV]ol\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/(\s+et\s+al\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/(\s+[A-Z]\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/(Dr\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/(Mr\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/(Mrs\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/(Ms\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/([pP]rof\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/(\."\s+)<s>(\s*\(.+\)\s+)/g,'$1 $2 <s>');
output = output.replace(/([\s+\(][A-Z]\.\s*[A-Z]\.\s+)<s>/g,'$1');
output = output.replace(/(\."\s+\(pa?g?r?a?\.\s+)<s>([0-9]+\))(\s+[A-Z])/g,'$1 $2 <s> $3');
output = output.replace(/(\."\s+)<s>(\(pa?g?r?a?\.\s+[0-9]+\))(\s+[A-Z])/g,'$1 $2 <s> $3');
output = output.replace(/(\)\s+)<s>([a-z])/g,'$1 $2');
output = output.replace(/(\s+[aA]rt\.\s+)<s>([0-9])/g,'$1 $2');
var res = output.split(/<s>/);
var text = "";
var foundReference = false;
var last_count = count_sentences;
var this_count = 0;
for (j = 0; j < res.length; j++) {
var res2 = res[j].split(/\n+/);
for (i = 0; i < res2.length; i++) {
var p = res2[i].search('<')
if (p == 0) {
text = text + res2[i] + "<br>"
} else {
//check if it is an empty line
var m = res2[i].match(/\w/g)
if (m == null) {
text = text + "<br>"
} else {
this_count = count_sentences+1;
text = text + ' <a href="#" id="' + this_count + 'n"class="highlight" onclick="openTag(this);return false;" type="' + file_name + '">[' + this_count +']</a> <a href="#" id="' + this_count + '" class="not_highlight" data-comments="" onclick="openTag(this);return false;">' + res2[i] + '</a> ';
count_sentences = this_count;
//check if there was any punctuation in this "sentence", if not, break line
//check if there was an http in the sentence, if there was, break line
var n = res2[i].match(/[\.\!\?]/g)
var o = res2[i].match(/http/g)
if (n == null | o != null) {
text = text + "<br>"
}
}
}
}
}
text = text.replace(/</g,'<');
text = text.replace(/>/g,'>');
text = text.replace(/\n/g,'<br>');
displayContents(text);
};//end onload()
reader.readAsText(filePath.files[0]);
}//end if html5 filelist support
else if(ActiveXObject && filePath) { //fallback to IE 6-8 support via ActiveX
try {
reader = new ActiveXObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject");
var file = reader.OpenTextFile(filePath, 1); //ActiveX File Object
output = file.ReadAll(); //text contents of file
file.Close(); //close file "input stream"
displayContents(output);
} catch (e) {
if (e.number == -2146827859) {
alert('Unable to access local files due to browser security settings. ' +
'To overcome this, go to Tools->Internet Options->Security->Custom Level. ' +
'Find the setting for "Initialize and script ActiveX controls not marked as safe" and change it to "Enable" or "Prompt"');
}
}
}
else { //this is where you could fallback to Java Applet, Flash or similar
return false;
}
return true;
}
/**
* display content using a basic HTML replacement
*/
function displayContents(txt) {
var el = document.getElementById('text_window');
if (first_file_read) {
document.getElementById('text_window').innerHTML += "<hr>" + txt;
} else {
document.getElementById('text_window').innerHTML = txt;
first_file_read = true;
}
}
function openTag(e){
var el = document.getElementById('tag_window');
var sntN = e.id.replace(/n/g,'');
var snt = document.getElementById(sntN);
var snt_n = document.getElementById(sntN+"n");
current_sentence = sntN;
snt.className = "conc_highlight";
if (previous_element != "") {
document.getElementById(previous_element).className = "not_highlight";
}
for (var i = 0, length = concordance_lines.length; i < length; i++) {
if (concordance_lines[i][0] == current_sentence) {
currentSelection = i;
break;
}
}
if (concordance_lines.length != 0) {
drawTable(concordance_lines);
} else {
document.getElementById('table_window').innerHTML = "";
}
previous_element = sntN;
el.innerHTML = "Sentence Selected: #" + sntN + "<br><b>Sentence:</b> " + snt.innerHTML + "<br><br>" ;
if (snt_n.title == "tagged") {
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<form id="tag_f">Tag this sentence? <input type="checkbox" id="tagged" name="tagged" value="tagged" onclick="displayCoding();" checked> Yes, tag it! (This contains a reference to a source.)<br></form>';
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<div id="codes" class="codes"></div>';
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<hr><form id="ref_f" style="display:none;">Reference? <input type="checkbox" id="ref" name="ref" value="ref" onclick="markAsRef();" > Yes, this is a reference.<br></form>';
displayCoding();
} else {
if (snt_n.title == "ref") {
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<form id="tag_f">Tag this sentence? <input type="checkbox" id="tagged" name="tagged" value="tagged" onclick="displayCoding();" disabled> Yes, tag it! (This contains a reference to a source.)<br></form>';
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<div id="codes" class="codes"></div>';
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<hr><form id="ref_f">Reference? <input type="checkbox" id="ref" name="ref" value="ref" onclick="markAsRef();" checked> Yes, this is a reference.<br></form>';
} else {
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<form id="tag_f">Tag this sentence? <input type="checkbox" id="tagged" name="tagged" value="tagged" onclick="displayCoding();"> Yes, tag it! (This contains a reference to a source.)<br></form>';
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<div id="codes" class="codes"></div>';
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<hr><form id="ref_f">Reference? <input type="checkbox" id="ref" name="ref" value="ref" onclick="markAsRef();"> Yes, this is a reference.<br></form>';
}
}
el.innerHTML = el.innerHTML + '<hr>Comments about this sentence:<br><form id="comments"><textarea rows="4" cols="30" name="comments" onchange="includeComments(this);">' + snt.getAttribute("data-comments") + '</textarea></form>';
}
function includeComments(e) {
var snt = document.getElementById(current_sentence);
snt.setAttribute("data-comments", e.value);
}
function markAsRef() {
var e_tag = document.getElementById('tagged');
var snt_n = document.getElementById(current_sentence+"n");
var snt = document.getElementById(current_sentence);
var e = document.getElementById("ref");
if (e.checked) {
snt_n.title = "ref";
snt.title = "ref";
if (e_tag != null) {e_tag.disabled = true;}
} else {
snt_n.title = "";
snt.title = "";
if (e_tag != null) {e_tag.disabled = false;}
}
}
function displayCoding(){
var codeDiv = document.getElementById('codes');
var el = document.getElementById('tag_window');
var snt = document.getElementById(current_sentence);
var snt_n = document.getElementById(current_sentence+"n");
var e = document.getElementById("tagged");
var e_ref = document.getElementById('ref_f');
var cit = false;
if (e.checked) {
if (e_ref != null) {e_ref.style.display = "none";}
snt_n.title = "tagged";
codeDiv.innerHTML = '<hr><form>Form: <br>';
codeDiv.innerHTML = codeDiv.innerHTML + '<input type="radio" id="integral" name="type" value="integral" onclick="setCode();"> <font color="red">Integral</font><br>';
codeDiv.innerHTML = codeDiv.innerHTML + '<input type="radio" id="non-integral" name="type" value="non-integral" onclick="setCode();"> <font color="blue">Non-integral</font><br>';
codeDiv.innerHTML = codeDiv.innerHTML + '<input type="radio" id="hybrid" name="type" value="hybrid" onclick="setCode();"> <font color="green">Hybrid</font><br>';
if (snt.type == "citation") {
codeDiv.innerHTML = codeDiv.innerHTML + '<hr>Citation? <input type="checkbox" id="citation" name="citation" value="citation" onclick="setCitation();" checked> Yes, this contains an attempt to include an in-text citation<br></form>';
cit = true;
} else {
codeDiv.innerHTML = codeDiv.innerHTML + '<hr>Citation? <input type="checkbox" id="citation" name="citation" value="citation" onclick="setCitation();"> Yes, this contains an attempt to include an in-text citation. <br></form>';
}
var current_code = snt.title;
if (current_code != "") {
document.getElementById(current_code).checked = true;
}
var found = false;
for (var i = 0, length = concordance_lines.length; i < length; i++) {
if (concordance_lines[i][0] == current_sentence) {
concordance_lines[i][2] = snt_n.type;
concordance_lines[i][3] = current_code;
concordance_lines[i][4] = cit;
currentSelection = i;
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (!found) {
concordance_lines.push([current_sentence, snt.innerHTML, snt_n.type, current_code, cit]);
currentSelection = concordance_lines.length;
}
} else {
if (e_ref != null) {e_ref.style.display = "inline";}
codeDiv.innerHTML = "";
snt_n.title = "";
snt.title = "";
var toRemove = 0;
for (var i = 0, length = concordance_lines.length; i < length; i++) {
if (concordance_lines[i][0] == current_sentence) {
toRemove = i;
break;
}
}
for (var j = toRemove; j < concordance_lines.length-1; j++) {
concordance_lines[j] = concordance_lines[j+1];
}
concordance_lines.pop();
}
if (concordance_lines.length != 0) {
drawTable(concordance_lines);
} else {
document.getElementById('table_window').innerHTML = "";
}
}
function setCitation(){
var e = document.getElementById("citation");
var snt = document.getElementById(current_sentence);
var cit = false;
if (e.checked) {
snt.type = "citation";
cit = true;
} else {
snt.type = "not_citation";
}
for (var i = 0, length = concordance_lines.length; i < length; i++) {
if (concordance_lines[i][0] == current_sentence) {
concordance_lines[i][4] = cit;
currentSelection = i;
break;
}
}
if (concordance_lines.length != 0) {
drawTable(concordance_lines);
} else {
document.getElementById('table_window').innerHTML = "";
}
}
function setCode(){
var snt = document.getElementById(current_sentence);
var radios = document.getElementsByName('type');
for (var i = 0, length = radios.length; i < length; i++) {
if (radios[i].checked) {
// do whatever you want with the checked radio
snt.title = radios[i].value;
// only one radio can be logically checked, don't check the rest
break;
}
}
for (var i = 0, length = concordance_lines.length; i < length; i++) {
if (concordance_lines[i][0] == current_sentence) {
concordance_lines[i][3] = snt.title;
currentSelection = i;
break;
}
}
if (concordance_lines.length != 0) {
drawTable(concordance_lines);
} else {
document.getElementById('table_window').innerHTML = "";
}
}
function selectPrevious() {
var currentID = parseInt(current_sentence) - 1;
if (currentID < 1) {currentID = 1;}
window.location.href = "#" + currentID + "n";
document.getElementById('text_window').scrollTop = document.getElementById('text_window').scrollTop - 50;
openTag(document.getElementById(currentID + "n"));
}
function selectNext() {
var currentID = parseInt(current_sentence) + 1;
if (currentID > count_sentences) {currentID = count_sentences;}
window.location.href = "#" + currentID + "n";
document.getElementById('text_window').scrollTop = document.getElementById('text_window').scrollTop - 50;
openTag(document.getElementById(currentID + "n"));
}
function exportData() {
var content = "Sentence Number\tSentence\tFile\tCode\tCitation\tTagged\tComments\n";
var output_sentence = "";
array = concordance_lines;
for (j = 1; j < count_sentences+1; j++) {
var found = false;
for (var i = 0, length = concordance_lines.length; i < length; i++) {
if (concordance_lines[i][0] == j) {
output_sentence = concordance_lines[i][1].replace(/</g,'<');
output_sentence = output_sentence.replace(/>/g,'>');
output_sentence = output_sentence.replace(/\n/g,'');
output_sentence = output_sentence.replace(/\t/g,'');
content += concordance_lines[i][0] + "\t" + output_sentence + "\t" + concordance_lines[i][2] + "\t" + concordance_lines[i][3] + "\t" + concordance_lines[i][4] + "\t1";
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (!found) {
output_sentence = document.getElementById(j).innerHTML.replace(/</g,'<');
output_sentence = output_sentence.replace(/>/g,'>');
output_sentence = output_sentence.replace(/\n/g,'');
output_sentence = output_sentence.replace(/\t/g,'');
var this_el = document.getElementById(j+"n");
content += j + "\t" + output_sentence + "\t" + this_el.type + "\t" + this_el.title + "\t" + " " + "\t0";
}
content += "\t" + document.getElementById(j).getAttribute("data-comments").replace(/\n/g,' ') + "\n";
}
// Build a data URI
uri = "data:application/octet-stream," + encodeURIComponent(content);
// Download file
var myLink = document.getElementById("save_link");
var blob = new Blob([content]);
myLink.href = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob);
myLink.download = document.getElementById("fname").value.replace(/\.txt/,'') + ".txt";
if (myLink.download == ".txt") {myLink.download = "tag_check.txt";}
myLink.style.display = "inline";
ready_to_download = true;
myLink.click();
location.href = uri;
}
function closeExplanation() {
document.getElementById("explanation_shade").style.display = "none";
document.getElementById("explanation_expanded").style.display = "none";
document.getElementById("close_window").style.display = "none";
}
function openExplanation() {
document.getElementById("explanation_shade").style.display = "inline";
document.getElementById("explanation_expanded").style.display = "inline";
document.getElementById("close_window").style.display = "inline";
}
function closeSave() {
document.getElementById("save_window").style.display = "none";
document.getElementById("save_shade").style.display = "none";
location.href = uri;
}
function cancelSave() {
document.getElementById("save_window").style.display = "none";
document.getElementById("save_shade").style.display = "none";
}
function openSave() {
document.getElementById("save_window").style.display = "inline";
document.getElementById("save_shade").style.display = "inline";
document.getElementById("save_link").style.display = "none";
ready_to_download = false;
}
function checkEnterKey(e) {
var x = event.which || event.keyCode;
if(x === 13){
exportData();
return False;
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload="checkFileAPI();">
<div id="container">
<input type="file" onchange='readText(this)' />
<br/>
<hr/>
<h3>Contents of the text files:</h3>
<div id="text_window" class="text_window">
... Click on "Choose File" above to open a text file ...
</div>
</div>
<div id="tag_window" class="tag_window"></div>
<div id="table_window" class="table_window"></div>
<div id="explanation_window" class="explanation_window">
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td align=center><a href="#" class="button" onclick="openExplanation();">View Coding Criteria</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="files_window" class="files_window">
<b>Files opened:</b> <button onclick="location.reload();">Clear All</button><br>
</div>
<div id="control_window" class="control_window">
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td><a href="#" class="button" onclick="openSave();">Download Data</a></td>
<td align=right><a href="#" class="button" onclick="selectPrevious();"> << </a> <a href="#" class="button" onclick="selectNext();"> >> </a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="explanation_shade" class="explanation_shade"></div>
<div id="explanation_expanded" class="explanation_expanded">
<br>
<h1>Coding Criteria</h1>
<hr>
<h2>Step One: Integral, non-integral or hybrid?</h2>
<h3>Integral</h3>
<p>Author(s) as actants (Omizo & Hart-Davidson, 2016): </p>
<blockquote><i>Duffy et al. ([2010]) suggested that specific types of psychopathological manifestations are precursors for bipolar disorder in this high-risk population.</i><br> (Example from Omizo and Hart-Davidson (2016))</blockquote>
<p><b>Descriptions from Swales (2014):</b> Authors would act as subject, agent, two types of adjuncts (as a prepositional phrase or a subordinate clause), part of a noun phrase or other.</p>
<ul>
<li><b>As subject:</b> Myers (1966) hypothesized that the freshwater fishes of the West Indies dispersed from Central America...
<li><b>As agent:</b> It was hypothesized by Myers (1966) that the freshwater fishes of the West Indies dispersed from Central America.
<li><b>As two types of adjuncts:</b> According to Myers (1966), freshwater fishes of the West Indies likely dispersed from Central America. [prepositional phrase]
<li>As Myers (1966) suggests, freshwater fishes of the West Indies may have dispersed from Central America. [subordinate clause]
<li><b>Part of a noun phrase:</b> Myers' 1966 hypothesis proposed that freshwater fishes...
<li>The hypothesis proposed by Myers (1966) suggested that freshwater fishes...
<li><b>Other category:</b> In contrast to Addison et al. (1982), they argue that...
</ul>
<p>Sentences like these are integral because they contain the title of a work and/or the author's name:</p>
<ul>
<li>The first article I will report on is "title of work" ...
<li>The published works that are going to be analyzed are (1) "title of work" ...
<li>According to suggestions of (Author's Name) ...
<li>According to (Author's Name) ...
</ul>
<hr>
<h3>Non-integral</h3>
<p>Omizo and Hart-Davidson (2016):</p>
<ul>
<li>Extracting: An idea from a source without involving the source in the syntactic predication of the idea.
<li>Grouping: In-text citations that list 3 or more sources within a parenthesis or bracket
</ul>
<p>Swales (2014):</p>
<ul>
<li>source, or attribution citations, which indicate where the idea or information is taken from;
<li>Identification citations, which identify an actor in the sentence, as in "It has been suggested (Wilson, 1999)";
<li>origin citations, which indicate "the originator of a concept, technique or product" (Thompson, 2001, p. 105), as in "The CPE procedure (Kim, 1985)";
<li>reference citations, which point to work containing further information;
<li>example, where the cited work illustrates what is stated in the sentence.
</ul>
<p>Not a reference to the author or article:</p>
<ul>
<li> There is evidence that suggests that [...].
</ul>
<p>Non-integral <b>citation</b> will have an (Author, YEAR) at the end:</p>
<ul>
<li> In terms of ..., it appears that there are lots of ... (Author, 2017).
</ul>
<hr>
<h3>Hybrid</h3>
<p>Contains author reference or article information at beginning of sentence + non-integral citation at the end.</p>
<hr>
<h2>Step Two: Citation or non-citation?</h2>
<h3>Citation</h3>
<p>The sentence contains an attempt to include an in-text citation. There is a direct reference to the author or title of the work.</p>
<p>The reference here needs to be to the actual author of the text cited. If the name used is being cited by the author (citation within citation), it is a non-citation.</p>
<h3>Non-citation</h3>
<p>Sentences that might be considered references in other taxonomies, such as attributions that replace the named agent with a pronoun and lack a parenthetical date or a parenthetical with a name and date or a bracketed numeral reference. Even if the author is unknown, which makes it impossible for the writer to use a name, it is not a citation.</p>
<p>Example of <b>integral</b> (step 1) <b>non-citations</b> (step 2): sentences containing "the author", "the two authors" or "the article" (these noun phrases do not have to be the subject for the reference to be integral). </p>
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