About

This project is released under the Mozilla Public License 2.0, and is being developed as part of an active research project at the University of Ghent's TOPL Lab.

• The WARDuino virtual machine is a WebAssembly runtime for microcontrollers, which runs both under the Arduino and ESP-IDF toolchains.
• The WARDuino virtual machine features an extensive debugger with novel techniques such as out-of-place debugging.
• The virtual machine allows developers to implement their own primitives in C++, which are callable from Wasm.
• The WARDuino project also includes a VS Code extension to use both the remote debugging and the out-of-place debugging facilities offered by the virtual machine.

[!WARNING] WARDuino is not 1.0, since this is an active research project. Expect possible bugs or performance issues.

Build and Development Instructions

[!NOTE] Supported platforms: Linux (Ubuntu), macOS, ESP-IDF, Arduino

The project uses CMake. Quick install looks like this:

bash git clone --recursive git@github.com:TOPLLab/WARDuino.git cd WARDuino mkdir build-emu cd build-emu cmake .. -D BUILD_EMULATOR=ON make

This will build the command-line tool (emulator), which has been tested on both linux and macOS.

The WARDuino VM can be compiled with both the Arduino and ESP-IDF toolchains, and has been extensively tested on different ESP8266 and ESP32 microcontrollers.

Build for ESP-IDF

[!WARNING] Primitive support for IDF is under construction.

Before you can compile and flash with ESP-IDF, you must install and enable the toolchain. You also need to disable the watchdog timer:

1. Go to the root folder of the WARDuino repo
2. run idf.py menuconfig
3. Under Component config → ESP System Settings disable the following options:
   • Interrupt watchdog
   • Initialize Task Watchdog Timer on startup
4. Save and quit the menu

Make sure the ESP-IDF tools are enabled, otherwise these steps will not work.

To install the WARDuino with the ESP-IDF toolchain perform the following steps starting from the project root folder:

bash mkdir build cd build cmake .. -D BUILD_ESP=ON make flash

Or simply run idf.py flash.

Build for Arduino

First, install the arduino-cli. You will also need python3 with the pyserial pacakge.

Second, create the config file:

bash arduino-cli config init

If you need additional boards, such as the esp32 boards, you can add them in the generated config file. More information on how to install the esp32 boards can be found here. (note: WARDuino requires at least version 3.0.0 of the esp32 board manager when using esp32 devices)

Thirdly, make sure you install the PubSubClient and Adafruit NeoPixel library. (used for MQTT and pixel primitives)

bash arduino-cli lib install "PubSubClient" # for MQTT arduino-cli lib install "Adafruit NeoPixel" # for some primitives

To build for Arduino with Wi-Fi support you need to also install the following third-party libraries. (You might need to set enable_unsafe_install to true in your Arduino config)

bash arduino-cli lib install FreeRTOS arduino-cli lib install --git-url https://github.com/me-no-dev/AsyncTCP.git

If you haven't done so already, clone (or symlink) this repository to ~/Arduino/libraries to make WARDuino available to Arduino.

After this initial installation steps you can start using WARDuino with the Arduino toolchain. You can upload the example file as follows, starting from the project root:

bash cd platforms/Arduino make compile BINARY={{Path to .wasm file}} make flash

For more information on how to change the board type, or configure the serial port, see the platform specific documentation.

Build for Emulator

WARDuino can also be build as a command-line tool for a desktop environment. The purpose of this CLI is to allow developers to test WARDuino applications without the need to buy a microcontroller. The CLI is also used to run the various unit and specification tests for WARDuino.

To install the CLI perform the following steps starting from the project root folder:

bash mkdir build-emu cd build-emu cmake .. -D BUILD_EMULATOR=ON make

WebAssembly Specification tests

shell cd tests/latch npm run spectest

Technical support and feedback

For a feature request or bug report, create a GitHub issue.

Acknowledgments

WARDuino by Robbert Gurdeep Singh, Tom Lauwaerts, Carlos Rojas Castillo, Maarten Steevens and Christophe Scholliers is licensed under a MPL-2.0 License. An early version of this work was derived from kanaka/wac by Joel Martin.

If you need to cite WARDuino in your research, use:

bibtex @article{ WARDuino2024, title = {WARDuino: An Embedded WebAssembly Virtual Machine}, shorttitle = {WARDuino}, author = {Lauwaerts, Tom and Gurdeep Singh, Robbert and Scholliers, Christophe}, year = {2024}, month = feb, journal = {Journal of Computer Languages}, pages = {101268}, issn = {2590-1184}, doi = {10.1016/j.cola.2024.101268}, keywords = {Internet-of-Things,Language symbiosis,Virtual machine,WARDuino,WebAssembly} }