rmdl

RMDL: Random Multimodel Deep Learning for Classification

https://github.com/kk7nc/rmdl

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RMDL: Random Multimodel Deep Learning for Classification

README.rst

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Referenced paper : `RMDL: Random Multimodel Deep Learning for
Classification `__



Referenced paper : `An Improvement of Data Classification Using Random Multimodel Deep Learning (RMDL) `__



Random Multimodel Deep Learning (RMDL):
=======================================

A new ensemble, deep learning approach for classification. Deep
learning models have achieved state-of-the-art results across many domains.
RMDL solves the problem of finding the best deep learning structure
and architecture while simultaneously improving robustness and accuracy
through ensembles of deep learning architectures. RDML can accept
as input a variety data to include text, video, images, and symbolic.


|RMDL|

Random Multimodel Deep Learning (RDML) architecture for classification.
RMDL includes 3 Random models, oneDNN classifier at left, one Deep CNN
classifier at middle, and one Deep RNN classifier at right (each unit could be LSTMor GRU).


Installation
=============

There are pip and git for RMDL installation:

Using pip
----------

.. code:: python

        pip install RMDL

Using git
---------
.. code:: bash

    git clone --recursive https://github.com/kk7nc/RMDL.git

The primary requirements for this package are Python 3 with Tensorflow. The requirements.txt file
contains a listing of the required Python packages; to install all requirements, run the following:

.. code:: bash

    pip -r install requirements.txt

Or

.. code:: bash

    pip3  install -r requirements.txt

Or:

.. code:: bash

    conda install --file requirements.txt

Documentation:
==============

The exponential growth in the number of complex datasets every year requires  more enhancement in
machine learning methods to provide  robust and accurate data classification. Lately, deep learning
approaches have been achieved surpassing results in comparison to previous machine learning algorithms
on tasks such as image classification, natural language processing, face recognition, and etc. The
success of these deep learning algorithms relys on their capacity to model complex and non-linear
relationships within data. However, finding the suitable structure for these models has been a challenge
for researchers. This paper introduces Random Multimodel Deep Learning (RMDL): a new ensemble, deep learning
approach for classification.  RMDL solves the problem of finding the best deep learning structure and
architecture while simultaneously improving robustness and accuracy through ensembles of deep
learning architectures. In short, RMDL trains multiple models of Deep Neural Network (DNN),
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) in parallel and combines
their results to produce better result of any of those models individually. To create these models,
each deep learning model has been constructed in a random fashion regarding the number of layers and
nodes in their neural network structure. The resulting RDML model can be used for various domains such
as text, video, images, and symbolic. In this Project, we describe RMDL model in depth and show the results
for image and text classification as well as face recognition. For image classification, we compared our
model with some of the available baselines using MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets. Similarly, we used four
datasets namely, WOS, Reuters, IMDB, and 20newsgroup and compared our results with available baselines.
Web of Science (WOS) has been collected  by authors and consists of three sets~(small, medium and large set).
Lastly, we used ORL dataset to compare the performance of our approach with other face recognition methods.
These test results show that RDML model consistently outperform standard methods over a broad range of
data types and classification problems.

Datasets for RMDL:
==================

Text Datasets:
--------------

- `IMDB Dataset `__

  * This dataset contains 50,000 documents with 2 categories.

- `Reters-21578 Dataset `__

  * This dataset contains 21,578 documents with 90 categories.

- `20Newsgroups Dataset `__

  * This dataset contains 20,000 documents with 20 categories.

-  Web of Science Dataset (DOI:
   `10.17632/9rw3vkcfy4.2 `__)

   -  Web of Science Dataset
      `WOS-11967 `__

      -  This dataset contains 11,967 documents with 35 categories which
         include 7 parents categories.

   -  Web of Science Dataset
      `WOS-46985 `__

      -  This dataset contains 46,985 documents with 134 categories
         which include 7 parents categories.

   -  Web of Science Dataset
      `WOS-5736 `__

      -  This dataset contains 5,736 documents with 11 categories which
         include 3 parents categories.

Image datasets:
---------------

-  `MNIST Dataset `__

   -  The MNIST database contains 60,000 training images and 10,000
      testing images.

-  `CIFAR-10 Dataset `__

   -  The CIFAR-10 dataset consists of 60000 32x32 colour images in 10
      classes, with 6000 images per class. There are 50000 training
      images and 10000 test images.

Face Recognition
----------------

`The Database of Faces (The Olivetti Faces
Dataset) `__

-  The The Database of Faces dataset consists of 400 92x112 colour
   images and grayscale in 40 person

Requirements for RMDL :
=======================

General:
----------

-  Python 3.5 or later see `Instruction
   Documents `__

-  TensorFlow see `Instruction
   Documents `__.

-  scikit-learn see `Instruction
   Documents `__

-  Keras see `Instruction Documents `__

-  scipy see `Instruction
   Documents `__


GPU (if you want to run on GPU):
--------------------------------

-  CUDA® Toolkit 8.0. For details, see `NVIDIA’s
   documentation `__.

-  The `NVIDIA drivers associated with CUDA Toolkit
   8.0 `__.

-  cuDNN v6. For details, see `NVIDIA’s
   documentation `__.

-  GPU card with CUDA Compute Capability 3.0 or higher.

-  The libcupti-dev library,

Text and Document Classification
=================================

-  Download GloVe: Global Vectors for Word Representation `Instruction
   Documents `__

   -  Set data directory into
      `Global.py `__

   -  if you are not setting GloVe directory, GloVe will be downloaded

Parameters:
===========

Text_Classification
-------------------

.. code:: python

         from RMDL import RMDL_Text

.. code:: python

       Text_Classification(x_train, y_train, x_test,  y_test, batch_size=128,
                        EMBEDDING_DIM=50,MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH = 500, MAX_NB_WORDS = 75000,
                        GloVe_dir="", GloVe_file = "glove.6B.50d.txt",
                        sparse_categorical=True, random_deep=[3, 3, 3], epochs=[500, 500, 500],  plot=True,
                        min_hidden_layer_dnn=1, max_hidden_layer_dnn=8, min_nodes_dnn=128, max_nodes_dnn=1024,
                        min_hidden_layer_rnn=1, max_hidden_layer_rnn=5, min_nodes_rnn=32,  max_nodes_rnn=128,
                        min_hidden_layer_cnn=3, max_hidden_layer_cnn=10, min_nodes_cnn=128, max_nodes_cnn=512,
                        random_state=42, random_optimizor=True, dropout=0.05):


Input
~~~~~

- x_train
- y_train
- x_test
- y_test

batch_size
~~~~~~~~~~

- batch_size: Integer. Number of samples per gradient update. If unspecified, it will default to 128.

EMBEDDING_DIM
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- batch_size: Integer. Shape of word embedding (this number should be same with GloVe or other pre-trained embedding techniques that be used), it will default to 50 that used with pain of glove.6B.50d.txt file.


MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH: Integer. Maximum length of sequence or document in datasets, it will default to 500.


MAX_NB_WORDS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- MAX_NB_WORDS: Integer. Maximum number of unique words in datasets,  it will default to 75000.


GloVe_dir
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- GloVe_dir: String. Address of GloVe or any pre-trained directory,  it will default to null which glove.6B.zip will be download.


GloVe_file
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- GloVe_dir: String. Which version of GloVe or pre-trained word emending will be used,  it will default to glove.6B.50d.txt.

- NOTE: if you use other version of GloVe EMBEDDING_DIM must be same dimensions.

sparse_categorical
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- sparse_categorical: bool. When target's dataset is (n,1) should be True, it will default to True.

random_deep
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- random_deep: Integer [3]. Number of ensembled model used in RMDL random_deep[0] is number of DNN, random_deep[1] is number of RNN, random_deep[0] is number of CNN, it will default to [3, 3, 3].


epochs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- epochs: Integer [3]. Number of epochs in each ensembled model used in RMDL epochs[0] is number of epochs used in DNN, epochs[1] is number of epochs used in  RNN, epochs[0] is number of epochs used in CNN, it will default to [500, 500, 500].


plot
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- plot: bool. True: shows confusion matrix and accuracy and loss


min_hidden_layer_dnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_hidden_layer_dnn: Integer. Lower Bounds of hidden layers of DNN used in RMDL, it will default to 1.


max_hidden_layer_dnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- max_hidden_layer_dnn: Integer. Upper bounds of hidden layers of DNN used in RMDL, it will default to 8.


min_nodes_dnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_nodes_dnn: Integer. Lower bounds of nodes in each layer of DNN used in RMDL, it will default to 128.

max_nodes_dnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- max_nodes_dnn: Integer. Upper bounds of nodes in each layer of DNN used in RMDL, it will default to 1024.

min_hidden_layer_rnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_hidden_layer_rnn: Integer. Lower Bounds of hidden layers of RNN used in RMDL, it will default to 1.


max_hidden_layer_rnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- man_hidden_layer_rnn: Integer. Upper Bounds of hidden layers of RNN used in RMDL, it will default to 5.


min_nodes_rnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_nodes_rnn: Integer. Lower bounds of nodes (LSTM or GRU) in each layer of RNN used in RMDL, it will default to 32.

max_nodes_rnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- max_nodes_rnn: Integer. Upper bounds of nodes (LSTM or GRU) in each layer of RNN used in RMDL, it will default to 128.


min_hidden_layer_cnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_hidden_layer_cnn: Integer. Lower Bounds of hidden layers of CNN used in RMDL, it will default to 3.


max_hidden_layer_cnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- max_hidden_layer_cnn: Integer. Upper Bounds of hidden layers of CNN used in RMDL, it will default to 10.


min_nodes_cnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_nodes_cnn: Integer. Lower bounds of nodes (2D convolution layer) in each layer of CNN used in RMDL, it will default to 128.

max_nodes_cnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_nodes_cnn: Integer. Upper bounds of nodes (2D convolution layer) in each layer of CNN used in RMDL, it will default to 512.

random_state
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- random_state : Integer, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)

  * If Integer, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;


random_optimizor
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- random_optimizor : bool, If False, all models use adam optimizer.  If True, all models use random optimizers. it will default to True


dropout
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- dropout: Float between 0 and 1. Fraction of the units to drop for the linear transformation of the inputs.


Image_Classification
---------------------

.. code:: python

         from RMDL import RMDL_Image

.. code:: python

         Image_Classification(x_train, y_train, x_test, y_test, shape, batch_size=128,
                                  sparse_categorical=True, random_deep=[3, 3, 3], epochs=[500, 500, 500], plot=True,
                                  min_hidden_layer_dnn=1, max_hidden_layer_dnn=8, min_nodes_dnn=128, max_nodes_dnn=1024,
                                  min_hidden_layer_rnn=1, max_hidden_layer_rnn=5, min_nodes_rnn=32, max_nodes_rnn=128,
                                  min_hidden_layer_cnn=3, max_hidden_layer_cnn=10, min_nodes_cnn=128, max_nodes_cnn=512,
                                  random_state=42, random_optimizor=True, dropout=0.05)

Input
~~~~~
- x_train
- y_train
- x_test
- y_test

shape
~~~~~

- shape: np.shape . shape of image. The most common situation would be a 2D input with shape (batch_size, input_dim).

batch_size
~~~~~~~~~~

- batch_size: Integer. Number of samples per gradient update. If unspecified, it will default to 128.

sparse_categorical
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- sparse_categorical: bool. When target's dataset is (n,1) should be True, it will default to True.

random_deep
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- random_deep: Integer [3]. Number of ensembled model used in RMDL random_deep[0] is number of DNN, random_deep[1] is number of RNN, random_deep[0] is number of CNN, it will default to [3, 3, 3].


epochs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- epochs: Integer [3]. Number of epochs in each ensembled model used in RMDL epochs[0] is number of epochs used in DNN, epochs[1] is number of epochs used in  RNN, epochs[0] is number of epochs used in CNN, it will default to [500, 500, 500].


plot
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- plot: bool. True: shows confusion matrix and accuracy and loss


min_hidden_layer_dnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_hidden_layer_dnn: Integer. Lower Bounds of hidden layers of DNN used in RMDL, it will default to 1.


max_hidden_layer_dnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- max_hidden_layer_dnn: Integer. Upper bounds of hidden layers of DNN used in RMDL, it will default to 8.


min_nodes_dnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_nodes_dnn: Integer. Lower bounds of nodes in each layer of DNN used in RMDL, it will default to 128.

max_nodes_dnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- max_nodes_dnn: Integer. Upper bounds of nodes in each layer of DNN used in RMDL, it will default to 1024.

min_nodes_rnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_nodes_rnn: Integer. Lower bounds of nodes (LSTM or GRU) in each layer of RNN used in RMDL, it will default to 32.

max_nodes_rnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- maz_nodes_rnn: Integer. Upper bounds of nodes (LSTM or GRU) in each layer of RNN used in RMDL, it will default to 128.


min_hidden_layer_cnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_hidden_layer_cnn: Integer. Lower Bounds of hidden layers of CNN used in RMDL, it will default to 3.


max_hidden_layer_cnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- max_hidden_layer_cnn: Integer. Upper Bounds of hidden layers of CNN used in RMDL, it will default to 10.


min_nodes_cnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_nodes_cnn: Integer. Lower bounds of nodes (2D convolution layer) in each layer of CNN used in RMDL, it will default to 128.

max_nodes_cnn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- min_nodes_cnn: Integer. Upper bounds of nodes (2D convolution layer) in each layer of CNN used in RMDL, it will default to 512.

random_state
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- random_state : Integer, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)

  * If Integer, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;


random_optimizor
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- random_optimizor : bool, If False, all models use adam optimizer.  If True, all models use random optimizers. it will default to True


dropout
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


- dropout: Float between 0 and 1. Fraction of the units to drop for the linear transformation of the inputs.


Example
========

MNIST
-----

-  The MNIST database contains 60,000 training images and 10,000 testing images.

Import Packages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

        from keras.datasets import mnist
        import numpy as np
        from RMDL import RMDL_Image as RMDL


Load Data
~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
        X_train_D = X_train.reshape(X_train.shape[0], 28, 28, 1).astype('float32')
        X_test_D = X_test.reshape(X_test.shape[0], 28, 28, 1).astype('float32')
        X_train = X_train_D / 255.0
        X_test = X_test_D / 255.0
        number_of_classes = np.unique(y_train).shape[0]
        shape = (28, 28, 1)

Using RMDL
~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

        batch_size = 128
        sparse_categorical = 0
        n_epochs = [100, 100, 100]  ## DNN-RNN-CNN
        Random_Deep = [3, 3, 3]  ## DNN-RNN-CNN
        
        RMDL.Image_Classification(X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test,shape,
                             batch_size=batch_size,
                             sparse_categorical=True,
                             random_deep=Random_Deep,
                             epochs=n_epochs)
IMDB
-----

-  This dataset contains 50,000 documents with 2 categories.

Import Packages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

        import sys
        import os
        from RMDL import text_feature_extraction as txt
        from keras.datasets import imdb
        import numpy as np
        from RMDL import RMDL_Text as RMDL

Load Data
~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

        print("Load IMDB dataset....")
        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(num_words=MAX_NB_WORDS)
        print(len(X_train))
        print(y_test)
        word_index = imdb.get_word_index()
        index_word = {v: k for k, v in word_index.items()}
        X_train = [txt.text_cleaner(' '.join(index_word.get(w) for w in x)) for x in X_train]
        X_test = [txt.text_cleaner(' '.join(index_word.get(w) for w in x)) for x in X_test]
        X_train = np.array(X_train)
        X_train = np.array(X_train).ravel()
        print(X_train.shape)
        X_test = np.array(X_test)
        X_test = np.array(X_test).ravel()

Using RMDL
~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

        batch_size = 100
        sparse_categorical = 0
        n_epochs = [100, 100, 100]  ## DNN--RNN-CNN
        Random_Deep = [3, 3, 3]  ## DNN--RNN-CNN

        RMDL.Text_Classification(X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test,
                             batch_size=batch_size,
                             sparse_categorical=sparse_categorical,
                             random_deep=Random_Deep,
                             epochs=n_epochs)

Web Of Science
--------------

-  Linke of dataset:  |Data|

   -  Web of Science Dataset
      `WOS-11967 `__

      -  This dataset contains 11,967 documents with 35 categories which
         include 7 parents categories.

   -  Web of Science Dataset
      `WOS-46985 `__

      -  This dataset contains 46,985 documents with 134 categories
         which include 7 parents categories.

   -  Web of Science Dataset
      `WOS-5736 `__

      -  This dataset contains 5,736 documents with 11 categories which
         include 3 parents categories.

Import Packages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

        from RMDL import text_feature_extraction as txt
        from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
        from RMDL.Download import Download_WOS as WOS
        import numpy as np
        from RMDL import RMDL_Text as RMDL

Load Data
~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: python

        path_WOS = WOS.download_and_extract()
        fname = os.path.join(path_WOS,"WebOfScience/WOS11967/X.txt")
        fnamek = os.path.join(path_WOS,"WebOfScience/WOS11967/Y.txt")
        with open(fname, encoding="utf-8") as f:
            content = f.readlines()
            content = [txt.text_cleaner(x) for x in content]
        with open(fnamek) as fk:
            contentk = fk.readlines()
        contentk = [x.strip() for x in contentk]
        Label = np.matrix(contentk, dtype=int)
        Label = np.transpose(Label)
        np.random.seed(7)
        print(Label.shape)
        X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(content, Label, test_size=0.2, random_state=4)

Using RMDL
~~~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: python

        batch_size = 100
        sparse_categorical = 0
        n_epochs = [5000, 500, 500]  ## DNN--RNN-CNN
        Random_Deep = [3, 3, 3]  ## DNN--RNN-CNN

        RMDL.Text_Classification(X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test,
                             batch_size=batch_size,
                             sparse_categorical=True,
                             random_deep=Random_Deep,
                             epochs=n_epochs,no_of_classes=12)

Reuters-21578
-------------

- This dataset contains 21,578 documents with 90 categories.

Import Packages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

         import sys
         import os
         import nltk
         nltk.download("reuters")
         from nltk.corpus import reuters
         from sklearn.preprocessing import MultiLabelBinarizer
         import numpy as np
         from RMDL import RMDL_Text as RMDL

Load Data
~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: python

         documents = reuters.fileids()

         train_docs_id = list(filter(lambda doc: doc.startswith("train"),
                                   documents))
         test_docs_id = list(filter(lambda doc: doc.startswith("test"),
                                  documents))
         X_train = [(reuters.raw(doc_id)) for doc_id in train_docs_id]
         X_test = [(reuters.raw(doc_id)) for doc_id in test_docs_id]
         mlb = MultiLabelBinarizer()
         y_train = mlb.fit_transform([reuters.categories(doc_id)
                                    for doc_id in train_docs_id])
         y_test = mlb.transform([reuters.categories(doc_id)
                               for doc_id in test_docs_id])
         y_train = np.argmax(y_train, axis=1)
         y_test = np.argmax(y_test, axis=1)


Using RMDL
~~~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: python

        batch_size = 100
        sparse_categorical = 0
        n_epochs = [20, 500, 50]  ## DNN--RNN-CNN
        Random_Deep = [3, 0, 0]  ## DNN--RNN-CNN

        RMDL.Text_Classification(X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test,
                     batch_size=batch_size,
                     sparse_categorical=True,
                     random_deep=Random_Deep,
                     epochs=n_epochs)



Olivetti Faces
--------------

- There are ten different images of each of 40 distinct subjects. For some subjects, the images were taken at different times, varying the lighting, facial expressions (open / closed eyes, smiling / not smiling) and facial details (glasses / no glasses). All the images were taken against a dark homogeneous background with the subjects in an upright, frontal position (with tolerance for some side movement).

Import Packages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code:: python

         from sklearn.datasets import fetch_olivetti_faces
         from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
         from RMDL import RMDL_Image as RMDL

Load Data
~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: python

         number_of_classes = 40
         shape = (64, 64, 1)
         data = fetch_olivetti_faces()
         X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(data.data,
                                                       data.target, stratify=data.target, test_size=40)
         X_train = X_train.reshape(X_train.shape[0], 64, 64, 1).astype('float32')
         X_test = X_test.reshape(X_test.shape[0], 64, 64, 1).astype('float32')

Using RMDL
~~~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: python

        batch_size = 100
        sparse_categorical = 0
        n_epochs = [500, 500, 50]  ## DNN--RNN-CNN
        Random_Deep = [0, 0, 1]  ## DNN--RNN-CNN

        RMDL.Image_Classification(X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test,
                              shape,
                              random_optimizor=False,
                              batch_size=batch_size,
                              random_deep=Random_Deep,
                              epochs=n_epochs)



More Example
`link `__

|Results|


Error and Comments:
----------------------


Send an email to kk7nc@virginia.edu

Citations
---------

.. code::

    @inproceedings{Kowsari2018RMDL,
         author = {Kowsari, Kamran and Heidarysafa, Mojtaba and Brown, Donald E. and Meimandi, Kiana Jafari and Barnes, Laura E.},
         title = {RMDL: Random Multimodel Deep Learning for Classification},
         booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2Nd International Conference on Information System and Data Mining},
         series = {ICISDM '18},
         year = {2018},
         isbn = {978-1-4503-6354-9},
         location = {Lakeland, FL, USA},
         pages = {19--28},
         numpages = {10},
         url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3206098.3206111},
         doi = {10.1145/3206098.3206111},
         acmid = {3206111},
         publisher = {ACM},
         address = {New York, NY, USA},
         keywords = {Data Mining, Deep Learning, Deep Neural Networks, Image Classification, Supervised Learning, Text Classification},
        } 

    
    
and 

.. code::

    @article{Heidarysafa2018RMDL,
    title={An Improvement of Data Classification Using Random Multimodel Deep Learning (RMDL)},
    author={Heidarysafa, Mojtaba and Kowsari, Kamran and Brown, Donald E. and Jafari Meimandi, Kiana and Barnes, Laura E.},
    booktitle={International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing (IJMLC)},
    year={2018},
    Volume={8},
    Number={4},
    pages={298--310},
    DOI={https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2018.8.4.703}
    }
    

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.. |Results| image:: docs/RMDL_Results.png
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   :target: https://doi.org/10.1145/3206098.3206111
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.. |Download| image:: https://static.pepy.tech/personalized-badge/rmdl?period=total&units=international_system&left_color=grey&right_color=brightgreen&left_text=Downloads
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