Sources of Uncertainty in 3D Scene Reconstruction

This repository is the official implementation of the methods in:

• Marcus Klasson, Riccardo Mereu, Juho Kannala, and Arno Solin (2024). Sources of Uncertainty in 3D Scene Reconstruction. In ECCV 2024 Workshop on Uncertainty Quantification for Computer Vision. arXiv Project page

How to install nerfstudio environment

Follow the instructions below or the nerfstudio documentation to install Nerfstudio. Remember that CUDA 11.8 is required. ```bash

create environment

conda create --name nerfstudio -y python=3.8 conda activate nerfstudio python -m pip install --upgrade pip

conda install -c "nvidia/label/cuda-11.8.0" cuda-nvcc -y conda install -c "nvidia/label/cuda-11.8.0" cuda-toolkit -y

pip install torch==2.1.2+cu118 torchvision==0.16.2+cu118 --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu118

pip install ninja git+https://github.com/NVlabs/tiny-cuda-nn/#subdirectory=bindings/torch

pip install nerfstudio==1.1.0 Execute the following command in `/uncertainty-nerf-gs` to install the methods, dataparsers etc.: bash pip install -e . ```

If you get the error ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'gsplat._torch_impl', downgrade gsplat by executing (see this issue) pip install gsplat==0.1.11 in the terminal.

Code Arrangement

The code in the repo is arranged as: bash nerfuncertainty/dataparsers # dataparsers nerfuncertainty/metrics # code for computing AUSE and AUCE metrics nerfuncertainty/models # models nerfuncertainty/scripts # scripts for evaluation, rendering

Datasets and Pre-processing

• Mip-NeRF 360 Dataset: https://jonbarron.info/mipnerf360/
• RobustNeRF Dataset: https://robustnerf.github.io/
• On-the-go Dataset: https://rwn17.github.io/nerf-on-the-go/

Mip-NeRF 360 dataset

Download the dataset from https://jonbarron.info/mipnerf360/.

The image processing with ns-process-data was necessary for training on these scenes in Nerfstudio, as I experienced an image resizing error that spurred with CUDA errors when trying to train with the original images. Run COLMAP with image processing enabled to obtain images with compatible image sizes for Nerfstudio with the following command: bash ns-process-data images --data <path to scene data>/images_copy --output-dir <path to where transform.json is created> --verbose where the images folder have been renamed to images_copy to avoid duplicating the the newly processed images with old ones.

RobustNerf dataset

Download the dataset from RobustNeRF Dataset: https://robustnerf.github.io/.

The following steps were necessary to preprocess the scenes in October 2023, so they might have changed as the Crab scene has been updated with a second version.

The RobustNerf scenes needs preprocessing to obtain transform.json files. The scenes yoda, and-bot, and t_balloon_statue already has the needed colmap files and downscaled images, so then we can run the following command: bash ns-process-data images --data <path to scene data>/images --output-dir <path to where transform.json is created> --skip-colmap --colmap-model-path sparse/0 --skip-image-processing The scene crab only has a directory /images, so here we must run COLMAP. Start by separating the images into /train and /eval for images 9991.png - 99972.png (clutter for training) and 1.png - 72.png (clean for evaluation) respectively. Then, execute the following command (this takes some time, maybe 15 min): bash ns-process-data images --data <path to scene data>/train --output-dir <path to where transform.json is created> --eval-data <path to scene data>/eval --verbose

On-the-go Dataset

Download the dataset from https://rwn17.github.io/nerf-on-the-go/.

Running COLMAP was necessary here since the image filenames will not be the same as in the transforms.json files.
The image folder name passed in the argument --data should be different than images, otherwise the original images remain in the images folder together with the copies and COLMAP is run on duplicates of the images. bash ns-process-data images --data <path to data>/on-the-go/<scene>/images_orig --output-dir <path to data>/on-the-go/<scene> where the images folder have been renamed to images_orig.

Blender dataset

The Blender dataset can be downloaded directly from nerfstudio by running ns-download-data blender.

Training

Each method (active-nerfacto / active-splatfacto / nerfacto-mcdropout / nerfacto-laplace) can be trained with the following example command: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data> <DATAPARSER_NAME>

For the Ensemble methods, one has to train a nerfacto or splatfacto model using different seeds (e.g. 5 times as in the paper) as: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --machine.seed <ENSEMBLE_SEED> --experiment-name <EXPERIMENT_NAME>/<ENSEMBLE_SEED> --method-name <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data> <DATAPARSER_NAME> Recommend to use the --experiment-name argument and place methods with the same seed in the same folder, as this eases loading the models for evaluation.

1) Experiments on Irreducible Uncertainty (Aleatoric Confounding Effects)

First, we add confounding effects (gaussian noise or blur) to the training images bash python nerfuncertainty/scripts/save_noisy_images.py --input_folder <path to where images to modify are> --output_folder <path where to save new images> --operation <'noise' or 'blur'> --std_dev <scale of gaussian noise (float)> --kernel_size <size of blur kernel (int)>

Run the following command: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data where the noisy/blurry images are> --output-dir varyingview_experiment --experiment-name <SCENE_NAME> --method-name <METHOD_NAME> --timestamp main --pipeline.model.camera-optimizer.mode off --viewer.quit-on-train-completion True sparse-mipnerf360 --downscale-factor 4 Remember to set the argument --data to the correct path where the noisy/blurry images are.

2) Experiments on Reducible Uncertainty (Epistemic Uncertainty)

Varying the number of training views (Mip-NeRF 360 scenes)

Run the following command: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data> --output-dir varyingview_experiment --experiment-name <SCENE_NAME> --method-name <METHOD_NAME> --timestamp main --pipeline.model.camera-optimizer.mode off --viewer.quit-on-train-completion True sparse-mipnerf360 --proportion_train_images <value between 0.0 and 1.0> --downscale-factor 4

We set the opacity regularized to 0.02 in active-splatfacto by passing the argument --pipeline.model.opacity-loss-mult 0.02.

Half-hemisphere training split (Mip-NeRF 360 scenes)

Run the following command: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data> --output-dir ood_experiment --experiment-name <SCENE_NAME> --method-name <METHOD_NAME> --timestamp main --pipeline.model.camera-optimizer.mode off --viewer.quit-on-train-completion True ood-mipnerf360 --scene <SCENE_NAME> --eval-mode all --downscale-factor 4 Remember to specify the scene name bicycle / bonsai / counter / flowers / garden / kitchen / stump / treehill which splits the views along the x-translation. Scene room splits based on the z-translation.

We set the opacity regularized to 0.02 in active-splatfacto by passing the argument --pipeline.model.opacity-loss-mult 0.02.

Few-view setting (LF dataset)

Run the following command for the nerfacto-based methods: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data> --output-dir fewview_experiment --experiment-name <SCENE_NAME> --method-name <METHOD_NAME> --timestamp main --pipeline.model.camera-optimizer.mode="off" --pipeline.model.disable-scene-contraction True --pipeline.model.distortion-loss-mult 0.0 --pipeline.model.near-plane 1. --pipeline.model.far-plane 100. --pipeline.model.use-average-appearance-embedding True --pipeline.model.proposal-initial-sampler uniform --pipeline.model.background-color random --pipeline.model.max-res 4096 sparse-nerfstudio --dataset-name <SCENE_NAME> Remember to specify the scene name africa / basket / statue / torch.

Run the following command for the splatfacto-based methods: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data> --output-dir fewview_experiment --experiment-name <SCENE_NAME> --method-name <METHOD_NAME> --timestamp main --pipeline.model.camera-optimizer.mode="off" --pipeline.model.collider-params near-plane 1. far-plane 100. sparse-nerfstudio --dataset-name <SCENE_NAME> We set the opacity regularized to 0.01 in active-splatfacto by passing the argument --pipeline.model.opacity-loss-mult 0.01.

3) Experiments on Confounding, Non-Static Outliers

RobustNeRF Dataset

Run the following command to train the methods: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data> --output-dir outliers_experiment --experiment-name <SCENE_NAME> --method-name <METHOD_NAME> --timestamp main --pipeline.model.camera-optimizer.mode off --viewer.quit-on-train-completion True robustnerf --scene <SCENE_NAME> The argument SCENE_NAME has the options and-bot / crab / t_balloon_statue / yoda. For scene yoda, one can change the rate of training images that are clean or cluttered by appendix the argument --train-split-clean-clutter-ratio <value between 0.0 and 1.0>.

For active-splatfacto, we set the opacity regularizer to 0.01 with the argument --pipeline.model.opacity-loss-mult 0.01.

Note that the camera optimizer is disabled as we experienced better PSNRs on our initial experiments on these scenes when disabling this.

On-the-go Dataset

Run the following command to train the methods: bash ns-train <METHOD_NAME> --data <path to scene data> --output-dir outliers_experiment --experiment-name <SCENE_NAME> --method-name <METHOD_NAME> --timestamp main --pipeline.model.camera-optimizer.mode off --viewer.quit-on-train-completion True nerfonthego --downscale-factor <DOWNSCALE_FACTOR> The DOWNSCALE_FACTOR is set to 8 for every scene except patio which uses 4.

For active-splatfacto, we set the opacity regularizer to 0.01 with the argument --pipeline.model.opacity-loss-mult 0.01.

4) Experiments on Pose Sensitivity (Mip-NeRF 360 scenes)

First, train a nerfacto model by runnign the following command: bash ns-train nerfacto --data <path to scene data> --output-dir posegrad_experiment --experiment-name <SCENE_NAME> --method-name nerfacto --timestamp main --pipeline.model.camera-optimizer.mode off --viewer.quit-on-train-completion True nerfstudio-data --scene <SCENE_NAME> --downscale-factor 8 We used scenes bicycle / garden / kitchen in the paper.

bash python nerfuncertainty/scripts/estimate_gradient_pose_6dof.py --load-config <path to saved model>/config.yml --output-dir <path where to save results> --shift-param tz --shift-magnitude <shift magnitude> We set --shift-param tz to only shift the z-translation in the camera pose. Make sure that the shift magnitudes are small enough so that the rendered pixels still align with the ground-truth image, such that the gradient maps can be compared pixel-wise.

Evaluation

Evaluation is performed by running the following command:

bash python nerfuncertainty/scripts/eval_uncertainty.py <METHOD_CONFIG> --load-config <path to saved model>/config.yml --output-path <path to where to save results>/metrics.json --dataset-path <path to scene data> --render-output-path <path to where to save results>/plots --save-rendered-images --unc-max <clip value for highest uncertainty> The METHOD_CONFIG is set as active-nerfacto-config / active-splatfacto-config / mc-dropout-config / laplace-config for the corresponding methods.

For the Ensembles, the following command is an example of running evaluation with an ensemble of 3 models: bash python nerfuncertainty/scripts/eval_uncertainty.py ensemble-config --load-config <path to saved model with seed 1>/config.yml <path to saved model with seed 2>/config.yml <path to saved model with seed 3>/config.yml --output-path <path to where to save results>/metrics.json --dataset-path <path to scene data> --render-output-path <path to where to save results>/plots --save-rendered-images --unc-max <clip value for highest uncertainty> The method config ensemble-config is the same for any ensemble. The number of models that are appended to the appended after the argument --load-config will be used in the ensemble during evaluation.

We recommend using argument --unc-max around 0.1-0.3 for capping the colored uncertainty maps reasonably.

Citation

If you use the code in this repository for your research, please cite the paper as follows:

bibtex @inproceedings{klasson2024sources, title={Sources of Uncertainty in 3D Scene Reconstruction}, author={Marcus Klasson and Riccardo Mereu and Juho Kannala and Arno Solin}, booktitle={European Conference on Computer Vision Workshops}, year={2024}, organization={Springer} }

License

This software is provided under the MIT license.