PromptSource

PromptSource is a toolkit for creating, sharing and using natural language prompts.

Recent work has shown that large language models exhibit the ability to perform reasonable zero-shot generalization to new tasks. For instance, GPT-3 demonstrated that large language models have strong zero- and few-shot abilities. FLAN and T0 then demonstrated that pre-trained language models fine-tuned in a massively multitask fashion yield even stronger zero-shot performance. A common denominator in these works is the use of prompts which has gained interest among NLP researchers and engineers. This emphasizes the need for new tools to create, share and use natural language prompts.

Prompts are functions that map an example from a dataset to a natural language input and target output. PromptSource contains a growing collection of prompts (which we call P3: Public Pool of Prompts). As of January 20, 2022, there are ~2'000 English prompts for 170+ English datasets in P3.

PromptSource provides the tools to create, and share natural language prompts (see How to create prompts, and then use the thousands of existing and newly created prompts through a simple API (see How to use prompts). Prompts are saved in standalone structured files and are written in a simple templating language called Jinja. An example of prompt available in PromptSource for SNLI is: ```jinja2 {{premise}}

Question: Does this imply that "{{hypothesis}}"? Yes, no, or maybe? ||| {{answer_choices[label]}} ```

You can browse through existing prompts on the hosted version of PromptSource.

Setup

If you do not intend to create new prompts, you can simply run: bash pip install promptsource

Otherwise, you need to install the repo locally: 1. Download the repo 1. Navigate to the root directory of the repo 1. Run pip install -e . to install the promptsource module

Note: for stability reasons, you will currently need a Python 3.7 environment to run the last step. However, if you only intend to use the prompts, and not create new prompts through the interface, you can remove this constraint in the setup.py and install the package locally.

How to use prompts

You can apply prompts to examples from datasets of the Hugging Face Datasets library. ```python

Load an example from the datasets ag_news

from datasets import loaddataset dataset = loaddataset("ag_news", split="train") example = dataset[1]

Load prompts for this dataset

from promptsource.templates import DatasetTemplates agnewsprompts = DatasetTemplates('ag_news')

Print all the prompts available for this dataset. The keys of the dict are the UUIDs the uniquely identify each of the prompt, and the values are instances of Template which wraps prompts

print(agnewsprompts.templates) {'24e44a81-a18a-42dd-a71c-5b31b2d2cb39': , '8fdc1056-1029-41a1-9c67-354fc2b8ceaf': , '918267e0-af68-4117-892d-2dbe66a58ce9': , '9345df33-4f23-4944-a33c-eef94e626862': , '98534347-fff7-4c39-a795-4e69a44791f7': , 'b401b0ee-6ffe-4a91-8e15-77ee073cd858': , 'cb355f33-7e8c-4455-a72b-48d315bd4f60': }

Select a prompt by its name

prompt = agnewsprompts["classifyquestionfirst"]

Apply the prompt to the example

result = prompt.apply(example) print("INPUT: ", result[0]) INPUT: What label best describes this news article? Carlyle Looks Toward Commercial Aerospace (Reuters) Reuters - Private investment firm Carlyle Group,\which has a reputation for making well-timed and occasionally\controversial plays in the defense industry, has quietly placed\its bets on another part of the market. print("TARGET: ", result[1]) TARGET: Business ```

In the case that you are looking for the prompts available for a particular subset of a dataset, you should use the following syntax: ```python datasetname, subsetname = "super_glue", "rte"

dataset = loaddataset(f"{datasetname}/{subset_name}", split="train") example = dataset[0]

prompts = DatasetTemplates(f"{datasetname}/{subsetname}") ```

You can also collect all the available prompts for their associated datasets:

```python

from promptsource.templates import TemplateCollection

Get all the prompts available in PromptSource

collection = TemplateCollection()

Print a dict where the key is the pair (dataset name, subset name)

and the value is an instance of DatasetTemplates

print(collection.datasetstemplates) {('poemsentiment', None): , ('commongen', None): , ('anli', None): , ('ccnews', None): , ('craigslist_bargains', None): ,...} ```

You can learn more about PromptSource's API to store, manipulate and use prompts in the documentation.

How to create prompts

PromptSource provides a Web-based GUI that enables developers to write prompts in a templating language and immediately view their outputs on different examples.

There are 3 modes in the app: - Sourcing: create and write new prompts - Prompted dataset viewer: check the prompts you wrote (or the existing ones) on the entire dataset - Helicopter view: aggregate high-level metrics on the current state of P3

To launch the app locally, please first make sure you have followed the steps in Setup, and from the root directory of the repo, run: bash streamlit run promptsource/app.py

You can also browse through existing prompts on the hosted version of PromptSource. Note the hosted version disables the Sourcing mode (streamlit run promptsource/app.py -- --read-only).

Writing prompts

Before creating new prompts, you should read the contribution guidelines which give an step-by-step description of how to contribute to the collection of prompts.

Datasets that require manual downloads

Some datasets are not handled automatically by datasets and require users to download the dataset manually (story_cloze for instance ).

To handle those datasets as well, we require users to download the dataset and put it in ~/.cache/promptsource. This is the root directory containing all manually downloaded datasets.

You can override this default path using PROMPTSOURCE_MANUAL_DATASET_DIR environment variable. This should point to the root directory.

Development structure

PromptSource and P3 were originally developed as part of the BigScience project for open research 🌸, a year-long initiative targeting the study of large models and datasets. The goal of the project is to research language models in a public environment outside large technology companies. The project has 600 researchers from 50 countries and more than 250 institutions.

In particular, PromptSource and P3 were the first steps for the paper Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalization.

You will find the official repository to reproduce the results of the paper here: https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/t-zero. We also released T0* (pronounce "T Zero"), a series of models trained on P3 and presented in the paper. Checkpoints are available here.

Known Issues

Warning or Error about Darwin on OS X: Try downgrading PyArrow to 3.0.0.

ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 61] Connection refused: Happens occasionally. Try restarting the app.

Citation

If you find P3 or PromptSource useful, please cite the following reference: bibtex @misc{bach2022promptsource, title={PromptSource: An Integrated Development Environment and Repository for Natural Language Prompts}, author={Stephen H. Bach and Victor Sanh and Zheng-Xin Yong and Albert Webson and Colin Raffel and Nihal V. Nayak and Abheesht Sharma and Taewoon Kim and M Saiful Bari and Thibault Fevry and Zaid Alyafeai and Manan Dey and Andrea Santilli and Zhiqing Sun and Srulik Ben-David and Canwen Xu and Gunjan Chhablani and Han Wang and Jason Alan Fries and Maged S. Al-shaibani and Shanya Sharma and Urmish Thakker and Khalid Almubarak and Xiangru Tang and Xiangru Tang and Mike Tian-Jian Jiang and Alexander M. Rush}, year={2022}, eprint={2202.01279}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.LG} }