Welcome to VOLK!

VOLK is a sub-project of GNU Radio. Please see https://www.libvolk.org/ for bug tracking, documentation, source code, and contact information about VOLK. See https://www.gnuradio.org/ for information about GNU Radio.

VOLK is the Vector-Optimized Library of Kernels. It is a library that contains kernels of hand-written SIMD code for different mathematical operations. Since each SIMD architecture can be very different and no compiler has yet come along to handle vectorization properly or highly efficiently, VOLK approaches the problem differently.

For each architecture or platform that a developer wishes to vectorize for, a new proto-kernel is added to VOLK. At runtime, VOLK will select the correct proto-kernel. In this way, the users of VOLK call a kernel for performing the operation that is platform/architecture agnostic. This allows us to write portable SIMD code.

Bleeding edge code can be found in our git repository at https://www.gnuradio.org/git/volk.git/.

How to use VOLK:

For detailed instructions see https://www.libvolk.org/doxygen/using_volk.html

See these steps for a quick build guide.

Building on most x86 (32-bit and 64-bit) platforms

```bash $ mkdir build $ cd build $ cmake .. $ make $ make test $ sudo make install

You might want to explore "make -j[SOMEVALUE]" options for your multicore CPU.

Perform post-installation steps

Linux OS: Link and cache shared library

$ sudo ldconfig

macOS/Windows: Update PATH environment variable to point to lib install location

volk_profile will profile your system so that the best kernel is used

$ volk_profile ```

Missing submodule

We use cpu_features to detect CPU features, e.g. AVX. Some platforms require a very recent version that is not available through the appropriate package manager. In this case you must use cpu_features as a submodule.

NOTE: Most package managers provide recent enough cpu_features versions by now. Please default to the provided cpu_features version first, and only use the submodule in cases where this fails. Please open an issue if this is the case.

There are two options to get the required code in a submodule: bash git clone --recursive https://github.com/gnuradio/volk.git will automatically clone submodules as well. In case you missed that, you can just run: bash git submodule update --init --recursive that'll pull in missing submodules.

Building on Raspberry Pi and other ARM boards (32 bit)

To build for these boards you need specify the correct cmake toolchain file for best performance.

Note: There is no need for adding extra options to the compiler for 64 bit.

• Raspberry Pi 5 arm_cortex_a76_hardfp_native.cmake
• Raspberry Pi 4 arm_cortex_a72_hardfp_native.cmake
• Raspberry Pi 3 arm_cortex_a53_hardfp_native.cmake

```bash $ mkdir build && cd build $ cmake -DCMAKETOOLCHAINFILE=../cmake/Toolchains/armcortexa76hardfpnative.cmake ..

make -j4 might be faster

$ make $ make test $ sudo make install

volk_profile will profile your system so that the best kernel is used

$ volk_profile ```

Code of Conduct

We want to make sure everyone feels welcome. Thus, we follow our Code of Conduct.

Contributing

We are happy to accept contributions. Please refer to our contributing guide for further details. Also, make sure to read the Developer's Certificate of Origin and make sure to sign every commit with git commit -s.

Releases and development

We maintain a CHANGELOG for every release. Please refer to this file for more detailed information. We follow semantic versioning as outlined in our versioning guide.

Supported platforms

VOLK aims to be portable to as many platforms as possible. We can only run tests on some platforms.

Hardware architectures

Currently VOLK aims to run with optimized kernels on x86 with SSE/AVX and ARM with NEON. Support for MIPS and RISC-V is experimental; some kernels are known not to work on these architectures.

OS / Distro

We run tests on a variety of Ubuntu versions and aim to support as many current distros as possible. The same goal applies to different OSes. Although this does only rarely happen, it might occur that VOLK does not work on obsolete distros, e.g. Ubuntu 12.04.

Compilers

We want to make sure VOLK works with C/C++ standard compliant compilers. Of course, as an open source project we focus on open source compilers, most notably GCC and Clang. We want to make sure VOLK compiles on a wide variety of compilers. Thus, we target AppleClang and MSVC as well. Mind that MSVC lacks aligned_alloc support for aligned arrays. We use MSVC specific instructions in this case which cannot be free'd with free.

Dependency version policy

Finding the correct way to handle the minimum (and potentially maximum) supported dependency version is a difficult task. For VOLK, we want to ensure that all widely used, and openly maintained, distributions (Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, etc.) are supported. The default version of dependencies in these distributions are considered to be the baseline, or oldest supported versions. While older dependencies might work, we do not want to maintain workarounds etc. for these dependencies. Also, we want to signal to contributors that they can rely on certain minimum versions for contributions. If you want to use VOLK on an obsolete distribution, we assume you know what you are doing and you can make the necessary changes to compile VOLK on such a platform, e.g., decrease the minimum version checks and fix corresponding errors. This approach aims to strike a balance between the desire to use VOLK on every possible platform and the desire to be able to use the latest features.

License

VOLK 3.0 and later are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0 or later (LGPL-3.0-or-later).

Previous VOLK version license

Earlier versions of VOLK (before VOLK 3.0) were licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0 or later (GPL-3.0-or-later). Since then, VOLK migrated to the LGPL-3.0-or-later.

Being technical: There are 3 people left (out of 74) who we haven't been able to get in contact with (at all), for a total of 4 (out of 1092) commits, 13 (of 282822) additions, and 7 (of 170421) deletions. We have reviewed these commits and all are simple, trivial changes (e.g., 1 line change) and most are no longer relevant (e.g., to a file that no longer exists). Volk maintainers (@michaelld and @jdemel) are in agreement that the combination -- small numbers of changes per committer, simple changes per commit, commits no longer relevant -- means that we can proceed with relicensing without the approval of the folks. We will try reaching out periodically to these folks, but we believe it unlikely we will get a reply. We kindly request them to re-submit their GPL-3.0-or-later license code contributions to LGPL-3.0-or-later by adding their name, GitHub handle, and email address(es) used for VOLK commits to the file AUTHORSRESUBMITTINGUNDERLGPLLICENSE.md.

Legal Matters

Some files have been changed many times throughout the years. Copyright notices at the top of source files list which years changes have been made. For some files, changes have occurred in many consecutive years. These files may often have the format of a year range (e.g., "2006 - 2011"), which indicates that these files have had copyrightable changes made during each year in the range, inclusive.