Generating and Iterating Complex Networks

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complexNet

complexNet provides functions to easily generate and iterate complex networks. These networks rely on socially inherited and random connections to members of a population, as presented by Ilany & Akcay (2016). Their modelling framework has been shown to generate realistic networks with a wide range of different clustering, density, and average path length. In Smolla & Akcay (2019) we have used the same algorithms to generate networks and have them dynamically evolve.

Installation

```r

Install release version from CRAN

install.packages("complexNet")

Install development version from GitHub

devtools::install_github("marcosmolla/complexNet") ```

What are complex networks?

The general idea of complex networks (in the sense of this package) is that each individual of a group has a set of parameters that determines its probability to share an edge with certain subsets of the population. The most common version differentiates three subsets: the parent, the direct network neighbours of the parent, and everyone else. The probability to form a connection with the parent is given by the probability $pb$. Similarly, $pn$ is the probability to have a connection with the neighbours of the parent, and $p_r$ is the probability to connect to anyone else. Because these probabilities regard different subsets of the population, they do not have to add up to 1. So far, the algorithm is only working for asexual populations (a single parent) but will be extended to also include a two parents version in the future.

Usage

To generate a complex network, use the make_bnr() function. You need to set the number of individuals in the network n, and their linking probabilities pb, pn, and pr (see an example below). To set up a new network set np=c(0,0), which means that there is no ID set for who the newborn and the parent will be. Take a look at the vignette (in Articles at the top) to see how these networks can be iterated to simulate network dynamics and parameter evolution.

```r

Load library

library(complexNet)

Create adjacency matrix for a complex network

ADJM <- make_bnr(n = 10, np = c(0,0), pb = 1, pn = .2, pr = .02)

Load igraph library

library(igraph)

Convert adjacency matrix to an igraph network

G <- graphfromadjacency_matrix(ADJM)

Plot network

plot(G) ```

Example

Below is an example plot of networks generated with make_bnr() and for different social inheritance, $pn$, and random linking, $pr$, probabilities. As the linking probabilities increase, the networks become more connected.

The following code generates a similar figure to the one shown here.

```r

Load library

library(complexNet) library(igraph)

par(mfrow=c(3,3), mar=rep(1.2,4)) apply(X = expand.grid(c(.1,.3,.5), c(0.01,0.03,0.05)), 1, function(p) { # Create adjacency matrix for a complex network ADJM <- makebnr(n = 50, np = c(0,0), pb = 1, pn = p[1], pr = p[2]) # Convert adjacency matrix to an igraph network G <- graphfromadjacencymatrix(ADJM) # Calculate node degree centrality deg <- degree(G) # Select node colour based on its degree centrality V(G)$color <- heat.colors(rev = T, n = 25)[deg+1] # Plot network plot(G, main=paste("pn: ",p[1],", pr:",p[2], sep=""), vertex.label=NA, vertex.size=10, edge.arrow.size=0, vertex.color=V(G)$color) }) ```

Out there

Here is a list of articles that use complex networks:

Ilany, A., & Akcay, E. (2016). Social inheritance can explain the structure of animal social networks. Nature Communications, 7(May), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1101/026120

Ilany, A., & Akçay, E. (2016). Personality and Social Networks: A Generative Model Approach. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56(6), 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw068

Smolla, M., & Akçay, E. (2019). Cultural selection shapes network structure. Science Advances, 5(8), eaaw0609. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0609

How to cite this package?

```r

citation("complexNet")

To cite package ‘complexNet’ in publications use:

Smolla M (2022). complexNet: Complex Network Generation. R package version 0.2.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=complexNet

A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is

@Manual{, title = {complexNet: Complex Network Generation}, author = {Marco Smolla}, year = {2022}, note = {R package version 0.2.0}, url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=complexNet}, } ```